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Covering linguistic research on empty categories over more than three decades, this monograph presents the result of an in-depth syntactic and focus-theoretical investigation of ellipsis in generative grammar. The phenomenon of ellipsis most generally refers to the omission of linguistic material, structure and sound. The central aim of this book is to explain on the basis of linguistic theorizing of how it is possible that we understand more than we actually hear. The answer developed throughout this book is that ellipsis is an interface phenomenon which can only be explained on the basis of the complex interaction between syntax, semantics and information structure. Scholars of grammar and cognitive scientists will profit from reading this book.

Grammar --- Focus (Linguistics) --- Generative grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Ellipsis --- Generative grammar. --- Ellipsis. --- Ellipsis (Language). --- Generative Linguistics.

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This collection investigates the architecture of focus in linguistic theory from different theoretical perspectives. Research on focus and information structure in the last four decades has shown that the phenomenon of focus is highly complex, the theoretical approaches manifold, and the data highly sensitive. The main emphasis has been placed on the integration of the notion of focus in generative grammar. In recent years, however, the approaches to focus and information structure underwent a radical change in perspective. The theoretical concept of focus, its related terms and phenomena became the object of research. Along with it, the research questions shifted: instead of locating focus in the architecture of grammar, linguists investigate the architecture of focus itself. The central underlying idea of this collection is to document this change in perspective with the aim of isolating essential keystones and research areas in both the theoretical and empirical domain. The book is structured accordingly. Following the introduction, there are four main sections: The general section discusses the theoretical foundations of focus within grammar. The second section hosts papers which investigate the representation of focus and topic at the syntax-pragmatics interface. The third section discusses the phonological representation of focus and its relation to meaning. The papers of the final section investigate different types of focus constructions in a variety languages. The collection of papers on the architecture of focus, its interpretation and representation mirror the establishment of the focus research field.

Grammar --- Focus (Linguistics) --- Generative grammar. --- Grammar, Comparative and general. --- 801.56 --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Language and languages --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Grammar, Generative --- Grammar, Transformational --- Grammar, Transformational generative --- Transformational generative grammar --- Transformational grammar --- Psycholinguistics --- Discourse analysis --- Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Grammar, Comparative --- Derivation --- Topic and comment --- 801.56 Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Focus (Linguistics). --- Generative grammar --- Focus. --- Syntax.

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"In many languages, the objects of transitive verbs are either marked by grammatical case or agreement on the verb, or they remain unmarked: this is differential object marking. This book is a cross-linguistic study of how differential object marking is affected by information structure, the structuring of the utterance in accordance with the informational value of its elements and contextual factors. Marked objects tend to be associated with old information or information that the sentence is about, while unmarked objects tend to express new information. The book also sheds light on grammatical patterning in languages with differential object marking: in some languages marked and unmarked objects have identical grammatical properties, whereas in other languages marked objects are more active in syntax. Finally, it provides a theory of the historical changes that lead to the emergence of various patterns of differential object marking"

Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Semantics. --- Focus (Linguistics) --- Syntax. --- Topic and comment. --- 801.56 --- Syntaxis. Semantiek --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES --- General --- 801.56 Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Focus (Linguistics). --- General. --- Focus (linguistics). --- Grammar, comparative and general --- Language arts & disciplines --- Semantics --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Functional sentence perspective (Grammar) --- Predicate and subject (Grammar) --- Subject and predicate (Grammar) --- Theme and rheme --- Topic and comment (Grammar) --- Syntax --- Discourse analysis --- Topic and comment --- Subject and predicate --- Sémantique --- Arts and Humanities --- Language & Linguistics --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax --- Focus (linguistique) --- Sujet et prédicat --- Syntaxe --- Sémantique --- Sujet et prédicat

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"Auch" and "noch" in Child and Adult German is an empirical study of the early acquisition of "auch" (also) and "noch" (also/still) in German, and the adult use of these additive particles in spoken language. It centres around the question of how children acquire these particles, but it also investigates the way in which adults use these particles in order to determine what children actually have to learn and what the input they get is like. Previous studies on focus particles in adult German mainly focused on the semantic and syntactic properties of primarily constructed examples. Based on several corpora of spoken German, this is the first comprehensive study of natural language data that systematically analyses the intonation of focus particle utterances as well as their semantic, syntactic and information structural properties. The study of the child data, an extensive longitudinal corpus of one German child, was carried out against the background of the adult data. It offers a thorough characterisation of the acquisition of the two additive particles that also takes into account results from previous studies on the acquisition of focus particles, mainly on their comprehension. In addition to studying the acquisition of these particles, the author also introduces an analysis of focus particles that emphasizes the differences between stressed and unstressed particles, which makes this book not only interesting to researchers in language acquisition and psycholinguistics, but also to those interested in phonology/prosody, semantics, syntax and information structure.

Auch (The German word) --- Noch (The German word) --- German language --- Focus (Linguistics) --- Discourse analysis --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Particles. --- Syntax. --- Acquisition. --- Topic and comment --- Etymology --- 803.0-07 --- 803.0-56 --- 803.0-56 Duits: syntaxis; semantiek --- Duits: syntaxis; semantiek --- 803.0-07 Duits: taalonderwijs; taalverwerving --- Duits: taalonderwijs; taalverwerving

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This volume focuses on different aspects of language development. The contributions are concerned with similarities and differences between first and second language acquisition, the acquisition of sentence structure and functional categories, cross-linguistic influence in bilingual first language acquisition as well as the relation between language acquisition, language contact and diachronic change. The recurrent topic of the volume is the link between linguistic variation and the limitation of structural variability in the framework of a well-defined theory of language. In this respect, the volume opens up new perspectives for future research.

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Language acquisition. --- Language and languages --- Linguistic change. --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Historical linguistics --- Characterology of speech --- Language diversity --- Language subsystems --- Language variation --- Linguistic diversity --- Variation in language --- Acquisition of language --- Developmental linguistics --- Developmental psycholinguistics --- Language development in children --- Psycholinguistics, Developmental --- Interpersonal communication in children --- Psycholinguistics --- Functional sentence perspective (Grammar) --- Predicate and subject (Grammar) --- Subject and predicate (Grammar) --- Theme and rheme --- Topic and comment (Grammar) --- Focus (Linguistics) --- Topic and comment. --- Variation. --- Acquisition --- Subject and predicate --- Syntax --- Language change. --- Meisel, Jürgen M. --- Linguistics --- Philology