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There is a growing concern among policy makers and the international development community about the rapid concentration of migrants in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar (UB) and its social, economic, and environmental consequences (UNDP, 2003). These concerns call for a good understanding of the nature of migration in Mongolia and its impacts on the life of migrants. Using the 2007-08 Household Economic and Social Survey of Mongolia, this paper aims to: (a) document the characteristics of recent internal migration in Mongolia; and (b) assess the livelihoods of rural-to-urban migrants in comparison to those staying in rural areas as well as to local urban residents. The analysis in this paper suggests that rural out-migration is negatively correlated with the chance of falling into poverty. For those who did not migrate from rural areas, their poverty incidence was much higher, and their consumption level much lower, than that of rural-to-urban migrants. However, not all urban destinations are equal: there is a large discrepancy in livelihoods between those moving to aimag centers versus those moving the UB. The poverty incidence of rural migrant families moving into aimag centers was 33 percent, whereas 24 percent for those migrant families moving into UB.

Access to Education --- Air Pollution --- Cities --- Clean Water --- Educational Attainment --- Employment Opportunities --- Female Migrants --- Fertility --- Food Consumption --- Gender --- Household Income --- Household Size --- Housing --- Human Migrations & Resettlements --- Income Inequality --- Industrialization --- Living Standards --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Migration --- Mortality --- Natural Disasters --- Peri-Urban Communities --- Poverty Reduction --- Reproductive Health --- Rural Economy --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Savings --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Urban Population --- Urbanization

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This paper investigates the take-up rate or claim-waiting period rate of the unemployed under the South African Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF) system. The goal is to identify disincentive effects that income replacement rates (IRR) and accumulated credits may have on the claimant's behavior in terms of their claim waiting period rate (or how quickly they apply for UIF benefits). Utilizing nonparametric and semi-parametric estimation techniques, we find that there is little evidence, if any, for job disincentives or moral hazard problems. More specifically, the majority of claimants that are quickest to claim the UIF benefits are those who have worked continuously for at least four years and accumulated the maximum allowable amount of credits. The authors also note that claimants' waiting periods are indifferent with regard to levels of income replacements yet extremely sensitive to the amount of credits accumulated. Ultimately, the recipients of the UIF benefits do not rely heavily on the replacement incomes and prefer waiting longer for employment opportunities as opposed to exhausting their accumulated credits. The semi-parametric Cox's Proportional Hazard (PH) model confirms that there is a positive relationship between the claimant's accumulation of credits and the associated take-up rate of the UIF.

Climate --- Employment Opportunities --- Financial Crisis --- Gdp --- Human Capital --- Human Resources --- Informal Sector --- Insolvency --- Job Creation --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Labor Relations --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Moral Hazard --- Older Workers --- Political Economy --- Private Sector --- Productivity --- Skilled Workers --- Social Protections and Labor --- Taxation & Subsidies --- Unemployment --- Unemployment Insurance Benefits --- Working Poor --- Younger Workers

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The financial crisis of 2008-09 has considerably slowed the pace of economic growth in Mongolia. When combined with the Dzud (severe winter storm) of 2009-10, which occurred just as the economy was beginning to recover and killed over one million heads of livestock, the slowdown is likely to have significant impacts on poverty as well as the distribution of income and consumption among the poor and non-poor. In this paper we examine the poverty and distributional impacts of the crisis in Mongolia, relying on predictions from a simulation model based on pre-crisis data, given that household data to measure impacts during and after the crisis is unavailable. It is difficult to predict the distributional impacts of the financial crisis with a high degree of confidence. Evidence from previous crises suggests that relative inequality falls about as often as it rises during aggregate contractions (Paci et al, 2008). Furthermore, as the crisis spreads within a country (through adjustments in domestic credit and labor markets and fiscal policies), its impacts across different groups, sectors or areas became all the more difficult to track. The paper is structured as follows. Section two outlines the basic methodological approach used to create the simulation results used here. Section three discusses the macroeconomic projections that are used as inputs into the model. Sections four and five examine the model's projections for poverty and distributional impacts respectively, section six discusses the impact of Dzud (severe winter) and section seven concludes.

Accounting --- Agricultural Sector --- Cash Transfers --- Developing Countries --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic Policy --- Employment Opportunities --- Financial Crisis --- Gdp --- Global Economy --- Household Income --- Household Size --- Income Distribution --- Inequality --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomic Shocks --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle Class --- Per Capita Income --- Population Growth --- Poverty Line --- Poverty Reduction --- Productivity --- Public Sector --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Savings --- Social Development --- Social Protections and Labor

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The purpose of this study was to provide a better understanding for policy makers and service providers of mobility and migration among ex-combatants and the effectiveness of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) programming in Uganda. The study followed a scoping study on migration in Uganda conducted in March 2011 by the Transitional Demobilization and Reintegration Program (TDRP) of the World Bank. This study had the following specific objectives: 1) to analyze push/pull migration factors of ex-combatants in Uganda, with a specific focus on social as well as economic factors both within communities of origin and at new communities of re-settlement; 2) to explore any impact of DDR programming on migration of ex-combatants in Uganda; 3) to increase the understanding of the impact of migration by ex-combatants on the effectiveness of past and current DDR programming, specifically on reintegration efforts; and 4) to generate recommendations on how to improve DDR programming, taking into account findings from other related studies.

Access to Education --- Adolescents --- Asylum --- Child Soldiers --- Cities --- Civil War --- Conflict and Development --- Crime --- Demographics --- Diaspora --- Disadvantaged Groups --- Discrimination --- Dying --- Economic Development --- Economic Opportunities --- Employment Opportunities --- Food Security --- Gender --- Human Migrations & Resettlements --- Human Rights --- Identity --- Inheritance --- International Organization For Migration --- Labor Market --- Land Tenure --- Malaria --- Migration --- Natural Resources --- Nongovernmental Organizations --- Nutrition --- Parents --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Poverty Reduction --- Refugees --- Remittances --- Respect --- Sanitation --- Segregation --- Sexual Harassment --- Social Development --- Social Networks --- Substance Abuse --- Trauma --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Urban Population --- Urbanization --- Villages

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Labor allocation to its most efficient use, promoting employment and human capital investment as well as functioning labor markets can contribute to long-term economic growth, poverty reduction and to help workers manage their risks. A labor market policy framework includes both regulations and programs. However, the optimal framework is not standard and universal but varies country by country depending on the level of economic and financial development, culture and other structural characteristics. Labor market projects are equally concentrated in Latin America and the Caribbean and Eastern Europe and Central Asia regions and one is China. Interestingly, the number of projects having 'improving labor market' as the primary component has increased over time. All project development objectives in the cohort of projects reviewed focus on promoting higher employment and increasing economic opportunities as the main objective especially via training programs. About half of the projects also seek to reach specific vulnerable groups by improving targeting mechanisms and to improve the quality of social assistance services by reducing the cost of job search through access to enhanced employment services and by improving employability.

Adult Education --- Capacity Building --- Communities --- Employment Opportunities --- Gender --- Health Insurance --- Human Capital --- Human Resources --- Income Distribution --- Informal Sector --- Innovation --- Job Creation --- Labor Administration --- Labor Costs --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Labor Regulation --- Living Standards --- Malnutrition --- Means Testing --- Mortality --- Natural Disasters --- Needs Assessment --- Older Workers --- Poverty Monitoring & analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Prenatal Care --- Private Sector --- Savings --- Services & Transfers to Poor --- Severance Pay --- Social Development --- Social Insurance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Technical Assistance --- Total Factor Productivity --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Wages --- Working Hours --- Younger Workers --- Youth