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Macroeconomics --- Neoliberalism --- Western countries --- Developed countries --- Economic policy. --- 339.5091722 --- 331.31 --- AA / International- internationaal --- DE / Germany - Duitsland - Allemagne --- GB / United Kingdom - Verenigd Koninkrijk - Royaume Uni --- JP / Japan - Japon --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- Neo-liberalism --- Liberalism --- Economics --- Economisch beleid --- Occident --- West (Western countries) --- Western nations --- Western world --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations
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The paper analyzes how the UNDP, the World Bank, and the IMF classify countries based on their level of development. These systems are found lacking in clarity with regard to their underlying rationale. The paper argues that a country classification system based on a transparent, data-driven methodology is preferable to one based on judgment or ad hoc rules. Such an alternative methodology is developed and used to construct classification systems using a variety of proxies for development attainment.
Economic development --- Econometric models. --- Developing countries --- Developed countries --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Banks and Banking --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- International Economics --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Economic Development: General --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Banking --- Poverty & precarity --- International institutions --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Personal income --- Poverty --- International organization --- Purchasing power parity --- Income --- Banks and banking --- South Africa
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It is now widely accepted that adaptation will be necessary if we are to manage the risks posed by climate change. What we know about adaptation, however, is limited. While there is a well established body of scholarship proposing assessment approaches and explaining concepts, few studies have examined if and how adaptation is taking place at a national or regional level. This deficit in understanding is particularly pronounced in developed nations which have typically been assumed to have a low vulnerability to climate change. Yet as recent research highlights, this assumption is misplaced: developed nations are experiencing the most pronounced changes in climatic conditions globally and have significant pockets of vulnerability. Chapters in this book profile cases from different sectors in developed nations where specific adaptation measures have been identified, implemented, and evaluated. The contributions provide practical advice and guidance that can help guide adaptation planning in multiple contexts, identifying transferable lessons. It is a comprehensive and timely piece of work on an emerging body of literature that is critical for both academics and policy makers to be aware of and learn from in regards to the importance of adaptation and adaptation needs associated with climate change and variability. It is a strong step forward in bringing together this literature and thinking in one collective piece of writing. Chris Furgal, Trent University, Canada Lead Author IPCC 4th Assessment Report This volume is ambitious in scope and distinctive in focus. It is not about climate change science or mitigation or impacts... but focuses clearly on the processes of adaptation. This volume represents a valuable compilation of ideas, methods and applications dealing with adaptation to climate change in developed nations. Barry Smit, University of Guelph, Canada Canada Research Chair in Global Environmental Change This book provides key insights from leading scholars who are addressing an important but neglected question: How easy is it to adapt to climate change in practice? Focusing on evidence from developed countries, the contributions provide reasons for both optimism and concern, and lessons that are critical for anyone interested in climate change policy and a sustainable future. Karen O’Brien, University of Oslo, Norway Chair of Global Environmental Change and Human Security.
Climatic changes -- Environmental aspects. --- Climatic changes. --- Environmental aspects. --- Greenhouse gas mitigation -- Technological innovations. --- Greenhouse gas mitigation. --- Technological innovations -- Environmental aspects. --- Climatic changes --- Public health --- Industries --- Metropolitan areas --- Agriculture --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Health Occupations --- Social Change --- Climatic Processes --- Adaptation, Biological --- Physiological Processes --- International Cooperation --- Sociology --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Biological Processes --- Internationality --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Ecological and Environmental Processes --- Physiological Phenomena --- Social Sciences --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biological Phenomena --- Ecological and Environmental Phenomena --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Climate Change --- Environmental Health --- Adaptation, Physiological --- Urbanization --- Developed Countries --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Environmental aspects --- Climate change mitigation --- Law and legislation --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climate mitigation --- Climatic mitigation --- Mitigation of climate change --- Mitigation --- Environment. --- Climate change. --- Environmental management. --- Climate Change. --- Climate Change Management and Policy. --- Environmental Management. --- Environment, general. --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Climatology --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental protection --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Environmental sciences. --- Environmental science --- Science --- Developed countries --- Rural conditions --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- Global environmental change --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Population biology --- Ecology
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