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Non-tariff trade barriers. --- Job creation --- Textile industry --- Exports --- Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement

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The authors study firm dynamics using a novel database of all formally registered firms in Cote d'Ivoire from 1977 to 1997, which account for about 60 percent of gross domestic product. First, they examine entry and exit patterns and the role of new and exiting firms versus incumbents in job creation and destruction. They find that while the rate of job creation at new firms is quiet high-at 8 percent on average-the number of jobs added by new firms is small in absolute terms. Next, they examine survival rates and find that the probability of survival increases monotonically with firm size, but manufacturing and foreign-owned firms face higher likelihoods of exit compared with service oriented and domestically owned firms. They find that higher growth of gross domestic product increases the probability of firm survival, but this is a broad impact with no firm size disproportionately affected. In robustness checks, they find that after 1987 size is no longer a significant determinant of firm survival for new entrants, suggesting that the operating environment for firms changed. Finally, they find that trade and fiscal reform episodes raised the probability of firm exit and attenuated the survival disadvantages faced by smaller firms, but exchange rate revaluation and pro-private sector reforms did not significantly lower the likelihood of exit.

Business Incorporation --- Economic Growth --- Economic Theory & Research --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Labor Markets --- Microfinance --- Net Employment --- Private Sector Development --- Regulatory Barriers --- Small Scale Enterprise

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The issue of measuring product variety has received relatively little attention due to its inherent difficulty. In the language of index numbers, an expansion in the range of inputs or outputs is a 'new goods' problem: a good that is newly available will have an observed price and quantity, but no corresponding price or quantity the year before. The availability of this new good will yield a welfare gain to consumers, as well as a productivity gain to firms buying the new input. In this paper we show how product variety can be measured in the case of a CES aggregator function. This paper is organized as: after reviewing the literature on the 'new goods' problem in section two, then discuss how to measure export variety in section three. In sections four and five discuss the empirical applications to export variety growth in Mexico and China. Regression results relating trade liberalization to industry export variety are presented in section six, and conclusions are given in section seven.

Agriculture --- Consumers --- Economic theory & Research --- Electronics Industry --- Export Competitiveness --- Gdp --- Global Economy --- Globalization --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural Resources --- Political Economy --- Productivity --- Trade Barriers --- Trade Facilitation --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policy

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Product management. --- Marketing. --- Diversification in industry. --- Customer services. --- Customer service --- Service, Customer --- Service (in industry) --- Services, Customer --- Technical service --- Industrial diversification --- Product diversification --- Consumer goods --- Domestic marketing --- Retail marketing --- Retail trade --- Brand management --- Management, Product --- Marketing --- Customer relations --- Input-output analysis --- Barriers to entry (Industrial organization) --- Multiproduct firms --- Industrial management --- Aftermarkets --- Selling --- Management --- Economie ; toekomst. --- Product management --- Diversification in industry --- Customer services

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This paper examines the issue of measuring logistics costs from an applied trade policy research perspective, as well as identifying logistics-intensive sectors. It focuses on currently available data at the macro-and firm-levels. This paper has two main aims. First, it provides a first overview of currently available data relevant to logistics, and suggests some preliminary applications. The second objective of this paper is to frame the issue of logistics cost measurement and data collection in terms of the types of inputs needed for applied trade policy research. The paper is organized as follows. The next section presents an overview of possible directions in applied trade policy research using logistics data. Section three examines existing data sources that can be used to measure domestic logistics costs, focusing on the national accounts, input-output tables, price comparisons, and firm-level data. Section four presents a new methodology for measuring international trade costs, and identifies the proportion of those costs due to logistics. Section five uses input-output data to identify logistics-intensive sectors in a range of countries. Section six concludes. This paper has explored a number of different data sources and methodologies in an effort to move forward on the analysis of logistics costs from a trade policy research perspective. In the future, it will be important to distinguish between data collection efforts that are industry-driven-such as estimates of total logistics costs in Gross Domestic Product (GDP)-and those that are research-driven. Moving further in this direction will help fuel research that identifies sectors in particular countries that are most sensitive to improvements in logistics performance, and which therefore will tend to expand relative to other sectors in the face of logistics sector reforms. From a policy and political economy point of view, it will be important to identify such sectors and make them aware of the potential role logistics can play in facilitating their growth.

Agriculture --- Business Environment --- Common Carriers Industry --- E-Business --- Economic Development --- Enterprise Surveys --- Gdp --- Global Economy --- Industry --- Macroeconomics --- Outsourcing --- Per Capita Income --- Political Economy --- Private Sector --- Private Sector Development --- Productivity --- Purchasing Power --- Total Factor Productivity --- Trade Barriers --- Trade Policy --- Transport --- Transport Costs