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""Desertification and its Control in China"" comprehensively discusses desertification from the views of formation, distribution, development and control models. This book truly elucidates basic theory and control models of desertification, especially the numerous results from research carried out for the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. This book will provide a theoretical and practical basis for ecological and environmental planning and design as well as guidelines for prevention/restoration for desertification projects. It will also provide practical examples. Dr. Longjun Ci earned

Arid regions agriculture -- China. --- Desert ecology -- China. --- Desertification -- China -- Control. --- Desertification -- China. --- Ecology. --- Environmental management. --- Environmental sciences. --- Desertification --- Geography --- Physical Geography --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Control --- Aridization of land --- Desertization --- Climatology --- Deserts

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Arid regions ecology --- Ecosystem management --- Environmental Sciences --- Desert Ecology & Desertification --- Biotic communities --- Ecosystems management --- Arid regions --- Management --- Ecology --- Arid regions ecology. --- Ecosystem management. --- Applied ecology --- Environmental management --- Nature conservation --- Biodiversity conservation --- Ecologia de les regions àrides --- Ecologia de les regions àrides.

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The Costing Adaptation through Local Institutions (CALI) study aims to highlight how adaptation by households to climate change and climate variability is shaped by institutions, and how governments, through local institutions, can support adaptation that addresses the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable households. The main objective of the study is to provide recommendations regarding adaptation options for households in rural regions and facilitate the necessary institutional support. The methodology of the study draws on past adaptation experiences, particularly for vulnerable groups in different fragile ecological contexts. It uses participatory approaches to assess the costs of different adaptation strategies used by such groups. In this synthesis report, the analytical results from the three country case studies are presented and compared. Among the adopted strategies in the three cases, some were similar, while others were country-specific. The report describes some of the institutional, socioeconomic, and political differences that contributed to the individual or communal adaptation strategies among the countries. These country comparisons make it possible to present a number of policy recommendations that provide a better insight on how future interventions might be more effectively targeted. The results of this study confirm the view that it is important to place greater emphasis on integrated approaches to development. A focus on only a single issue will most likely not have the envisaged results and will in the end lead to higher costs. Several constraints ranging from constraints on a household, village, regional, or national level prevent households from successfully improving their livelihoods and preparing adequately for changing climate variability.

Adaptation to Climate Change --- Agriculture --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Communities --- Deforestation --- Desertification --- Electricity --- Environment --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Forests --- Gender --- Grains --- Heat Waves --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Industry --- International Food Policy Research Institute --- Pesticides --- Precipitation --- Rainfall --- Rainy Season --- Rice --- Rural Development --- Rural Economy --- Science and Technology Development --- Science of Climate Change --- Storms --- Temperature --- Urban Areas --- Villages --- World Food Program

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This report analyzes in some detail the risks to project finance and the performance of real-sector investments. Options, futures, derivatives, foreign exchange and more exotic instruments are not specifically addressed. The objectives of institutional investors, such as pension funds, include creation of sustained revenues over a long period of time. Clearly, given this long-term perspective, institutional investors need to be particularly aware of growing risks to their investments in climatically sensitive sectors or regions. This report demonstrates that climate change and its impacts are likely to alter a number of conditions that are material to the objectives of financial institutions. If changing conditions are not actively managed, investments and institutions may underperform. Most investments will be channeled through financial institutions. Given that the main effects of climate change are now well established, there is a considerable opportunity, as well as a responsibility, for these institutions to take a leading role in adaptation to climate change. Institutions managing investments in long-lived assets have both a direct financial risk to consider and the opportunity to create value by working proactively with their clients and other stakeholders to take steps to manage the risks. Going forward, International Finance Corporation (IFC) will initiate the development of more general tools addressing climate risks and investments.

Abatement --- Adaptation to Climate Change --- Climate --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Desertification --- Electricity --- Emissions --- Energy Security --- Environment --- Extreme Weather Events --- Finance and Development --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Institutions --- Financial Sector --- Floods --- Forests --- Hurricanes --- Insurance --- Insurance & Risk Mitigation --- Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural Gas --- Power Generation --- Precipitation --- Rainy Season --- Renewable Energy --- Risk Management --- Temperature --- Tropical Storms