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Pollutants --- Analysis.
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Biotechnology --- Pollutants --- Energy development --- Environmental Pollutants. --- Biotechnology. --- Energy development. --- Pollutants.
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Organic water pollutants. --- Environmental monitoring. --- Electrochemical sensors.
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Water quality --- Organic water pollutants --- Measurement. --- Analysis.
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Pollution --- Pollutants --- Environmental monitoring. --- Mathematical models.
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The third edition of this well-received textbook delivers a concise overview of global and individual environmental pollution for undergraduate courses, presenting students with the tools to assess environmental issues. With more than thirty percent new material, Hill assesses pollution from an international perspective, including air and water pollution, global warming, energy, solid and hazardous waste, and pollution at home. Both the sources and impacts of pollution are addressed, as well as governmental, corporate, and personal responsibility for pollution, and pollution prevention is emphasized throughout. Non-technical language encourages greater understanding of these often complex issues, and thought-provoking 'Delving Deeper' exercises are included, increasing engagement with the text and enabling students to apply what they have learned. A new chapter on the chemistry basics of pollution links to sections on toxicology and risk assessment, helping students understand concerns over chemicals and their regulation. An essential review of environmental pollution for environmental science students.
Pollution --- Pollution. --- Pollutants. --- Environmental quality. --- Environmental aspects.
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Ozone is a gas composed of three oxygen atoms. This gas is a powerful oxidizing agent. Stratospheric ozone, located between 15 and 40 km altitude, forms the ozone layer. Tropospheric ozone, between a and 15 km altitude, is a major constituent of photochemical smog. The latter is formed in the summer when the sun is important and when winds are low. Tropospheric ozone is a secondary pollutant formed by photochemical reaction between nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compounds. These two types of primary pollutants come mainly from industries and traffic. Atmospheric particles or PM (particulate matter) are composed of a complex mixture of particles of different sizes. They can be solid or liquid. The PM is forrned of a heart which adsorbs different components. PMs contain organic and inorganic constituents. The particles have different origins, compositions and sizes. Their classification can be made on basis of different characteristics. However, the classification according to their size is the most used. Indeed, the particle size determines their lung deposition, their mechanism of formation and transport in the air. This classification forms three groups of particles: la PM with a diameter between 2.5 and l Oum, PM 2.5 with a diameter less than 2.5f.lm and UFP (ultrafine particle) with a diameter of less than l um. The toxicity of PM depends on their physical and chemical characteristics. The more a particle is small, it is more toxic. The organic compounds and metals are the main components responsible for the toxicity of particles.
Inflammation of the airways and lung parenchyma, caused by ozone and PM, is the central pathogenic mechanism by which these two pollutants will cause exacerbation and sometimes the development of asthma and COPD. The induction of the inflammation, characterized by a significant recruitment ofneutrophils, is mediated by the activation of transcription factor NF- kB. The oxidative stress caused by ozone and PM, plays a major role in the activation of several events that willlead to the activation ofNF-kB and inflammation. Ozone and PM can also cause an exacerbation of asthma and COPD by other mechanisms such as the overproduction of mucus, airway remodeling, destruction of Iung parenchyma and increased sensitivity to respiratory infections. Regarding asthma, ozone and PM are also able to act as an adjuvant in response to allergens.
The various studies reviewed assess the impact of ozone and PM on asthma and COPD. The long-term exposure to PM, at concentrations observed in Europe, increases the mortality from cardio-pulmonary problems. ln children and adults, it causes a decrease in lung function. ln adults, it causes an increase in the prevalence ofbronchitis. Sorne results conceming the long- term exposure to ozone are conflicting. However, the majority of results indicates an increased incidence and prevalence of asthma in adults and children and reduced lung function growth in children. The short-term exposure, to PM and ozone, is associated with increased number of emergency admissions for asthma and COPD. The effects of air pollutants depend on individual characteristics. Those most susceptible are the elderly, children, people with a history of respiratory disease and heart failure, poor people, athletes and people spending time outdoors. For PM, no threshold value could be determined. For ozone, sorne studies have observed a threshold value of 120 to 160 glm3 for a short-term exposure. This value depends on the intensity of the practiced physical activity L'ozone est un gaz formé de 3 atomes d'oxygène. Ce gaz est un oxydant puissant. L'ozone stratosphérique, situé entre 15 et 40 km d'altitude, forme la couche d'ozone. L'ozone troposphérique, entre 0 et 15km d'altitude, est un constituant majeur du smog photochimique. Celui-ci se forme en été, lorsque l'ensoleillement est important et lorsque les vents sont faibles. L'ozone troposphérique est un polluant secondaire formé par réaction photochimique entre le dioxyde d'azote et les composés organiques volatils. Ces 2 types de polluants primaires proviennent principalement des industries et du trafic routier. Les particules atmosphériques ou PM (particulate matter) sont constituées d'un mélange complexe de particules de différentes tailles. Elles peuvent être solides ou liquides. Les PM sont formées d'un cœur sur lequel s'adsorbent différents constituants. Les PM contiennent des constituants organiques et inorganiques. Les particules ont des origines, des compositions et des tailles différentes. Leur classification peut se faire sur base de différentes caractéristiques. Cependant, la classification en fonction de leur taille est la plus utilisée. En effet, la granulométrie des particules détermine leur déposition pulmonaire, leur mécanisme de formation et leur transport dans l'air. Cette classification divise les particules en 3 groupes: les PM la avec un diamètre entre 2.5 et l Oum, les PM 2.5 avec un diamètre inférieur à 2.5f.lm et les UFP (ultrafine particle) avec un diamètre de moins de l um. La toxicité des PM dépend de leur caractéristique physique et chimique. Plus les particules sont petites, plus elles sont toxiques. Les composés organiques et les métaux sont les principaux composants responsables de la toxicité des particules.
L'inflammation des voies respiratoires et du parenchyme pulmonaire, causée par l'ozone et les PM, est le mécanisme pathogène central par lequel ces 2 polluants vont causer l'exacerbation et parfois le développement de l'asthme et de la BPCO. L'induction de cette inflammation, caractérisée par un recrutement important de neutrophiles, est médiée par l'activation du facteur de transcription NF-kB. Le stress oxydatif, causé par l'ozone et les PM, joue un rôle majeur dans l'activation des cascades d'événements qui vont mener à l'activation de NF-kB et à l'inflammation. L'ozone et les PM peuvent aussi causer une exacerbation de l'asthme et de la BPCO par d'autres mécanismes comme la surproduction de mucus, le remodelage bronchique, la destruction du parenchyme pulmonaire et l'augmentation de la sensibilité vis-à-vis des infections respiratoires. Concernant l'asthme, l'ozone et les PM sont également capables d'agir comme adjuvants dans la réponse aux allergènes.
Les différentes études analysées évaluent l'impact de l'ozone et des PM sur l'asthme et la BPCO. L'exposition à long terme aux PM, aux concentrations observées en Europe, augmente la mortalité d'origine cardio-pulmonaire. Chez les enfants et les adultes, elle entraîne une diminution de la fonction pulmonaire. Chez l'adulte, elle entraîne une augmentation de la prévalence de bronchites. Certains résultats concernant l'exposition à long terme à l'ozone sont contradictoires. Cependant, la majorité des résultats indiquent une augmentation de l'incidence et de la prévalence de l'asthme chez les adultes et les enfants et une diminution du développement de la fonction pulmonaire chez les enfants. L'exposition à court terme aux PM et à l'ozone est associée à l'augmentation du nombre d'admissions aux urgences pour cause d'asthme et de BPCO. Les effets des polluants atmosphériques dépendent des caractéristiques individuelles. Les personnes les plus sensibles sont les personnes âgées, les enfants, les personnes avec antécédents de pathologie respiratoire et cardiaque, les personnes défavorisées, les sportifs et les personnes passant du temps à l'extérieur. Pour les PM, aucune valeur seuil n'a pu être déterminée . Pour l'ozone, certaines études ont observé une valeur seuil vers 120 - 160 ug/nr', pour une exposition de courte durée. Cette valeur dépend de l'intensité de l'activité physique pratiquée.
Ozone --- Respiration Disorders --- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive --- Air Pollutants
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Environmental toxicology --- Environmental Pollutants --- Environmental Exposure --- adverse effects --- Toxicologie --- Toxicology --- Écologie --- ecology --- Polluant --- pollutants --- Bioaccumulation --- Toxicité --- toxicity --- Évaluation du risque --- risk assessment --- health --- Pollution --- Impact sur l'environnement --- Environmental impact --- world --- Environmental Pollutants - adverse effects --- Environmental Exposure - adverse effects
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Although the climate of the Earth is continually changing from the very beginning, anthropogenic effects, the pollution of the air by combustion and industrial activities make it change so quickly that the adaptation is very difficult for all living organisms. Researcher's role is to make this adaptation easier, to prepare humankind to the new circumstances and challenges, to trace and predict the effects and, if possible, even decrease the harmfulness of these changes. In this book we provide an interdisciplinary collection of new studies and findings on the score of air pollution.
Air --- Pollution. --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Atmosphere --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Pollution --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- Control --- Pollution control
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This book presents the latest research on the crucial issues and the standards necessary to assess, monitor and increase air quality.Particular emphasis is paid to problems related to urban air quality.
Air quality management. --- Air pollution. --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Atmosphere --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Pollution --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- Environmental protection --- Control --- Management
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