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Déterminer le statut vaccinal d’une personne arrivant d’un pays étranger n’est pas chose aisée. L’anamnèse et l’acquisition du dossier médical du patient sont des éléments permettant de s’orienter. La connaissance du calendrier vaccinal du pays d’origine, et du taux de couverture vaccinale par année aide à supposer les vaccins reçus. La réalisation de sérologies permet la confirmation d’une protection efficace. Bien que les schémas et taux de couvertures vaccinales soient assez stables d’une région et d’une époque à l’autre, une réflexion au cas par cas pour chaque patient s’impose pour savoir quels vaccins réaliser.

Transients and Migrants --- Delivery of Health Care --- Vaccination --- World Health Organization

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Decision makers face serious challenges in attracting health workers to rural areas, in both the developed and developing world, but while they have access to a wide range of policy options, the effectiveness of interventions is highly contingent on context. To make them more effective, decision makers need to have an in-depth understanding of, especially, the factors that influence individual workers decisions on choice of practice, particularly regarding relocation to rural areas. The current paper presents results of an empirical study conducted in Liberia and Vietnam using a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The study's aim was to predict the likelihood of health workers taking up a rural area job under alternative incentive schemes. This study is the first DCE analysis to then go the extra step of costing out the alternative packages. The analysis revealed quite different results for the two countries. The most powerful single incentive in motivating workers to practice in rural areas was increased pay in Liberia, and long-term education in Vietnam. The cost-effectiveness of incentives also varies by country. In Liberia, monetary incentives were by the most cost effective while in Vietnam it was opportunities for skills development. While the study methodology needs further enhancement, especially costing of incentive packages, the work shows that a DCE analysis can be a powerful tool in informing the design of rural area incentive schemes in developing countries.

Decision Making --- Developing Countries --- Doctors --- Drugs --- Employment --- Gender --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Policy --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Housing --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Human Resources --- Immunizations --- Labor Market --- Marketing --- Medical Education --- Midwives --- Nongovernmental Organizations --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Physicians --- Purchasing Power --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Urban Areas --- Workers --- World Health Organization

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This study outlines the initial challenge presented by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, describes Djibouti's response, reviews the results achieved and the enabling factors in curbing the spread of the epidemic, and identifies remaining challenges. Between 2002 and 2008, HIV prevalence among young pregnant women aged 15-24 was reduced from 2.7 percent to 1.9 percent and among sentinel surveillance groups from 2.5 percent to 1.9 percent. HIV prevalence among tuberculosis patients was reduced from an estimated 22 percent to 12 percent. Condom use during last intercourse outside marriage increased from 27 percent to 55 percent and reached 95 percent among sex workers. Among the general population, awareness of HIV/AIDS increased to 95 percent and knowledge about transmission and prevention rose to 50 percent. Political commitment, engagement of community and religious leaders, rigorous communication, social marketing and the provision of an integrated package of medical and social services, and donor harmonization were among the key factors that contributed to the achievement of these results. Despite these impressive results in a relatively short period, Djibouti still has to address several challenges and consolidate program gains, but most importantly, funds are being mobilized from government resources to sustain the national AIDS control program.

Capacity Building --- Child Mortality --- Civil Society Organizations --- Communication Channels --- Discrimination --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Drugs --- Epidemiology --- Family Health --- Family Planning --- Fertility --- Fertility Rates --- Gender --- Health Education --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Policy --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Hygiene --- Immigration --- International Cooperation --- Life Expectancy --- Malaria --- Mass Media --- Maternal Health --- Maternal Mortality --- Midwives --- Migration --- Mortality --- Nutrition --- Orphans --- Physicians --- Population Policies --- Posters --- Prenatal Care --- Public Health --- Quality Control --- Refugees --- Sex Workers --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Technical Assistance --- Tuberculosis --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Vulnerable Groups --- World Health Organization

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Nicaragua, a largely urban country (56 percent of the population lives in urban areas), is one of the least populous (5.53 million) and poorest countries in CentralAmerica. Following reforms in the 1980s, Nicaragua made remarkable progress in gender equity in education and the labor force, while the wide availability of primary health care initiated in the 1970's, including family planning services, led to improvements in infant and child mortality rates. Several lessons emerge from Nicaragua's success at reducing fertility. The government was committed to gender equity and female empowerment through educating girls and women and recruiting women into the labor force. Family planning services were provided within a well functioning primary health care system, including an extensive, efficient contraceptive distribution network that works with international donors, and international and national Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to offer women a good mix of options. Demand must be created through a timely public education campaign. Success requires civic engagement with stakeholders, which may initially mean avoiding unnecessary confrontation and publicity of services for addressing the concerns of more conservative stakeholders.

Abortion --- Access to Education --- Access to Health Services --- Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Birth Control --- Cash Crops --- Child Health --- Child Mortality --- Civil Society Organizations --- Demographics --- Disasters --- Domestic Violence --- Drugs --- Educational Attainment --- Family Planning --- Fertility --- Gender --- Gross National Income --- Health Education --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Immunizations --- Infant Mortality --- Labor Market --- Life Expectancy --- Market Economy --- Measles --- Natural Disasters --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Pharmacies --- Pregnancy --- Primary Education --- Public Health --- Quality of Life --- Reproductive Health --- Secondary Education --- Sex Education --- Unions --- Urban Areas --- World Health Organization

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Like other countries in the Middle East and North Africa region, Algeria has undergone a demographic transition. But Algeria's fertility decline defies conventional explanation. Despite inauspicious starting conditions-a high total fertility rate, reluctant policy environment, and delayed implementation of a national family planning program-Algeria has surpassed some of its neighbors in fertility reduction. Before its fertility transition, Algeria had one of the highest crude birth rates in the world, nearly 50 per 1,000. The fertility transition began in 1965-70, before any significant government support for or investment in population control or family planning and before significant external donor funding became available. Since then, profound changes in the traditional family model have led to a 64 percent decline in the total fertility rate in recent decades, from 6.76 in 1980 to 2.41 in 2006. Overall, Algeria's fertility decline is best understood in terms of changes in behavior, especially the delay in age at first marriage, the increase in contraceptive use, and-to a certain degree-the negative effects of the economic crisis manifested in the housing shortage and unemployment of young adults.

Abortion --- Adolescent Health --- Capacity Building --- Child Development --- Child Health --- Child Mortality --- Childbirth --- Civil War --- Demographic Change --- Demographics --- Fertility --- Gender --- Gross National Income --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Size --- Human Rights --- Industrialization --- Infant Mortality --- Job Creation --- Labor Market --- Living Standards --- Measles --- Mental Health --- Midwives --- Migration --- Millennium Development Goals --- Natural Gas --- Nutrition --- Oral Contraceptives --- Population Growth --- Pregnancy --- Primary Education --- Public Health --- Purchasing Power --- Purchasing Power Parity --- Reproductive Health --- Secondary Education --- Social Change --- Sterilization --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Urbanization --- World Health Organization