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Afrique --- mysticisme --- sorcellerie --- forces psychiques --- manipulation --- énergies --- psychologie --- esprits maléfiques

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Past, Present, and Future Industrial Biotechnology in China, by Zhenjiang Li, Xiaojun Ji, Suli Kan, Hongqun Qiao, Min Jiang, Dingqiang Lu, Jun Wang, He Huang, Honghua Jia, Pingkai Ouyuang, and Hanjie Ying; Organic Chemicals from Bioprocesses in China, by Jin Huang, Lei Huang, Jianping Lin, Zhinan Xu, and Peilin Cen; Biofuels in China, by Tianwei Tan, Jianliang Yu, Jike Lu, and Tao Zhang; Bioreactors and Bioseparation, by Siliang Zhang, Xuejun Cao, Ju Chu, Jiangchao Qian, and Yingping Zhuang; Environmental Biotechnology in China, by Shuang Jiang Liu , Lei Liu , Muhammad Tausif Chaudhry , Lei Wang , Ying Guang Chen , Qi Zhou , He Liu , and Jian Chen; Traditional Chinese Biotechnology, by Yan Xu , Dong Wang , Wen Lai Fan , Xiao Qing Mu, and Jian Chen; Modern Biotechnology in China, by Qing-Zhao Wang and Xue-Ming Zhao

Chemistry. --- Biotechnology. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Chimie --- Biotechnologie --- Energies renouvelables --- Chemistry --- Biotechnology --- Renewable energy sources

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Energy industries --- Energy policy --- Industries --- Power resources --- Energy industries - European Union countries --- Energy policy - European Union countries --- Renewable energy sources --- Competition --- Trade regulation --- Marketing channels. --- Politique énergétique --- Énergies renouvelables --- Industries énergétiques --- Ressources énergétiques --- Commerce --- Réglementation

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Knoevenagel Reaction of Unprotected Sugars, By M.-C. Scherrmann ; Carbohydrate-Based Lactones: Synthesis and Applications, By N. M. Xavier, A. P. Rauter, and Y. Queneau; Heterogeneously-Catalyzed Conversion of Carbohydrates, By K. De Oliveira Vigier and F. Jérôme; Palladium-Catalyzed Telomerization of Butadiene with Polyols: From Mono to Polysaccharides, By S. Bouquillon, J. Muzart, C. Pinel, and F. Rataboul; Monosaccharides, By J.A. Galbis and M.G. García-Martín; Natural Sources, By L. Weignerová and V. Kren; Synthesis and Applications of Ionic Liquids Derived from Natural Sugars; By C. Chiappe, A. Marra, and A. Mele

Chemistry. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Carbohydrate Chemistry. --- Sustainable Development. --- Agriculture. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Catalysis. --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Carbohydrates. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Sustainable development. --- Chimie --- Chimie organique --- Glucides --- Catalyse --- Agriculture --- Energies renouvelables --- Développement durable --- Produits chimiques de la biomasse --- Carbohydrates --- Biomass chemicals --- Biotechnology --- Biotechnologie --- Glucides - Biotechnologie --- Carbohydrates - Congresses --- Biomass chemicals - Congresses --- Biotechnology - Congresses

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This paper sheds light on an implicit dimension of the climate policy debate: the extent to which supply-side response (emission-reducing energy technologies) may substitute for the transformation of consumption behavior and thus help get around the political difficulties surrounding such behavioral transformation. The paper performs a meta-review of long-term energy forecasts since the end of the 1960s in order to put in perspective the controversies around technological optimism about the potential for cheap, large-scale, carbon-free energy production. This retrospective analysis encompasses 116 scenarios conducted over 36 years and analyzes their predictions for a) fossil fuels, b) nuclear energy, and c) renewable energy. The analysis demonstrates how the predicted relative shares of these three types of energy have evolved since 1970, for two cases: a) predicted shares in 2010, which shows how the initial outlooks for the 2000-2010 period have been revised as a function of observed trends; and b) predicted shares for t+30, which shows how these revisions have affected medium-term prospects. The analysis shows a decrease, since 1970, in technological optimism about switching away from fossil fuels; this decrease is unsurprisingly correlated with a decline in modelers' beliefs in the suitability of nuclear energy. But, after a trend of increasing optimism, a declining trend also characterizes renewable energies in the 1980s and 1990s before a slight revival of technological optimism about renewables in the aftermath of Kyoto.

Biomass --- Climate change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Climate change Policy --- Coal --- Emission --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Energy production --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy sources --- Energy supply --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Fossil --- Fossil fuels --- Free energy --- Gas --- Generation --- Nuclear energy --- Oil --- Primary energy --- Primary energy supply --- Renewable energies --- Renewable energy --- Wind