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symposium proceedings --- environmental management --- economy --- economic consequences --- environmental problems --- Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) --- full text online

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The decision of whether or not to migrate has far-reaching consequences for the lives of individuals and their families. But the very nature of this choice makes identifying the impacts of migration difficult, since it is hard to measure a credible counterfactual of what the person and their household would have been doing had migration not occurred. Migration experiments provide a clear and credible way for identifying this counterfactual, and thereby allowing causal estimation of the impacts of migration. The authors provide an overview and critical review of the three strands of this approach: policy experiments, natural experiments, and researcher-led field experiments. The purpose is to introduce readers to the need for this approach, give examples of where it has been applied in practice, and draw out lessons for future work in this area.

Access to Finance --- Anthropology --- Consequences of migration --- Culture and Development --- Debt Markets --- Family members --- Family ties --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Immigration --- Impact of migration --- Job opportunities --- Labor supply --- Language proficiency --- Lives of individuals --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Mental health --- Migrant --- Migrants --- Migration --- Policy research --- Policy research working paper --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Remittance --- Remittances --- Return migration --- Sex

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This paper examines fiscal outcomes in Eastern and Central European countries before and during the global crisis of 2008-2010. These outcomes are evaluated in the context of overall changes in fiscal institutions and global market conditions. Eastern and Central European countries' situations improved dramatically in the pre-crisis period as tax revenues boomed, and fiscal institutions were reformed. Expenditures increased quite significantly in real terms for some of the countries in the pre-crisis era so that when tax revenues collapsed in the wake of the crisis, the countries were left with large deficits. Institutional reform helped countries manage their fiscal situations better, but the crisis also exposed shortcomings of the status quo. In the post-crisis period, fiscal institutions aimed at promoting fiscal discipline are being strengthened. Governments will also need to take a closer look at the sustainability of current expenditure patterns, particularly the strong emphasis on social expenditures.

Central government --- Debt Markets --- Expenditure --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial crisis --- Fiscal Adjustment --- Fiscal consequences --- Fiscal deficit --- Fiscal Institutions --- Fiscal system --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market economy --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Public Sector Expenditure Policy --- Social expenditures --- Subnational Economic Development --- Tax revenues

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Recorded remittances to Africa have grown dramatically over the past decade. Yet data limitations still mean relatively little is known about which migrants remit, how much they remit, and how their remitting behavior varies with gender, education, income levels, and duration abroad. This paper constructs the most comprehensive remittance database on immigrants in the OECD currently available, containing microdata on more than 12,000 African immigrants. Using this microdata the authors establish several basic facts about the remitting patterns of Africans, and then explore how key characteristics of policy interest relate to remittance behavior. Africans are found to remit twice as much on average as migrants from other developing countries, and those from poorer African countries are more likely to remit than those from richer African countries. Male migrants remit more than female migrants, particularly among those with a spouse remaining in the home country; more-educated migrants remit more than less educated migrants; and although the amount remitted increases with income earned, the gradient is quite flat over a large range of income. Finally, there is little evidence that the amount remitted decays with time spent abroad, with reductions in the likelihood of remitting offset by increases in the amount remitted conditional on remitting.

Brain drain --- Consequences of migration --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Educated migrants --- Female migrants --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gross National Income --- Health --- Home countries --- Immigrants --- International Economics and Trade --- International Migration --- International policy --- Labor force --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Migrant --- Migrants --- Migration flows --- Nutrition and Population --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Remittance --- Remittances --- Respect --- Spouse

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The impacts of international emigration and remittances on incomes and poverty in sending areas are increasingly studied with household survey data. But comparing households with and without emigrants is complicated by a triple-selectivity problem: first, households self-select into emigration; second, in some emigrant households everyone moves while others leave members behind; and third, some emigrants choose to return to the origin country. Allowing for duration-dependent heterogeneity introduces a fourth form of selectivity - one must now worry not just about whether households migrate, but also when they do so. This paper clearly sets out these selectivity issues and their implications for existing migration studies, and then addresses them by using survey data designed specifically to take advantage of a randomized lottery that determines which applicants to the over-subscribed Samoan Quota may immigrate to New Zealand. The analysis compares incomes and poverty rates among left behind members in households in Samoa that sent Samoan Quota emigrants with those for members of similar households that were unsuccessful in the lottery. Policy rules control who can accompany the principal migrant, providing an instrument to address the second selectivity problem, while differences among migrants in which year their ballot was selected allow for estimation of duration effects. The authors find that migration reduced poverty among former household members, but they also find suggestive evidence that this effect may be short-lived as both remittances and agricultural income are negatively related to the duration that the migrant has been abroad.

Anthropology --- Citizenship --- Communities and Human Settlements --- Consequences of migration --- Culture and Development --- Health --- Household assets --- Household income --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Impact of migration --- International migration --- Labor force --- Labour force --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Mandates --- Migrant --- Migrants --- Migration --- Nutrition and Population --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Progress --- Public Policy --- Remittance --- Remittances --- Remittances from migrants --- Return migration --- Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping