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Despite the scale of the global financial crisis, to date it has not resulted in a sovereign debt crisis among emerging market countries. Two significant factors in this outcome are the improved macroeconomic management and public debt management in these countries over the past decade. This paper reviews the improvements in macroeconomic fundamentals and the composition of public debt portfolios in emerging market countries prior to the crisis and concludes that the policies and strategies pursued by governments provided them with a buffer when the crisis hit. Nevertheless, with the international capital markets effectively closed for over three months and domestic borrowing in many cases impacted by extreme risk aversion, government debt managers were required to adapt their strategies to rapidly changing circumstances. The paper reviews the impact of the crisis and the responses of debt managers to the drying up of international capital, decreased liquidity in markets, and sharply increased term premia. Three categories of response are identified: (i) funding from other sources to reduce pressure on market borrowing; (ii) adapting funding programs to changes in demand in the different types of securities; and (iii) implementing liability management operations to support the market. Most governments were willing to accept temporarily greater risk in their portfolios, often reversing long established strategies, at a time when financial markets were under stress. These actions contributed to the measures taken by governments to stabilize markets and prevent economies from stalling. Looking to the future, government debt managers will need to consider how they can increase the resilience of public debt portfolios for the uncertain times that lie ahead.

Banks & Banking Reform --- Capital markets development --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt crisis --- Debt Markets --- Domestic borrowing --- Emerging market --- Emerging market countries --- Emerging market economies --- Emerging Markets --- External Debt --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial crisis --- Global capital --- Global capital markets --- Government debt --- International capital --- International capital markets --- International Economics and Trade --- Liquidity --- Macroeconomic management --- Market borrowing --- Portfolios --- Private Sector Development --- Public debt --- Public debt management --- Risk aversion --- Sovereign debt

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"Preface Second Edition The first edition of this book appeared eight years ago. Since then the banking industry experienced a lot of change and challenges. The most recent financial crisis which started around May 2007 and lasted in its core period until early 2009 gave rise for a lot of scepticism whether credit risk models are appropriate to capture the true nature of risks inherent in credit portfolios in general and structured credit products in particular. In a recent article two of us discuss common credit risk modeling approaches in the light of the most recent crisis and invite readers to participate in the discussion; see [25]. A key observation in a discussion like the one in [25] is that the universe of available models and tools is sufficiently rich for doing a good job even in a severe crisis scenario as banks recently experienced it. What seems to be more critical is an appropriate model choice, parameterization of models, dealing with uncertainties, e.g., based on insufficient data, and communication of model outcomes to decision makers and executive senior management. These are the four main areas of challenge where we think that a lot of work and rethinking needs to be done in a p︠ost-crisis ̕reflection of credit risk models. In the first edition of this book we focussed on the description of common mathematical approaches to model credit portfolios. We did not change this philosophy for the second edition. Therefore, we left large parts of the book unchanged in its core message but supplemented the exposition with new model developments and with details we omitted in the first edition"--

Credit --- Risk management --- Management --- Mathematical models --- 658.880151 --- 305.7 --- 333.109 --- 333.70 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Borrowing --- Finance --- Money --- Loans --- Management&delete& --- Econometrie van het gedrag van de financiële tussenpersonen. Monetaire econometrische modellen. Monetaire agregaten. vraag voor geld. Krediet. Rente --- Veiligheid. Bankovervallen. Bankrisico's --- Theorie en organisatie van het bankkrediet --- Credit - Management - Mathematical models --- Risk management - Mathematical models

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This paper assesses the impact of introducing an efficient payment system on the amount of credit provided by the banking system. Two channels are investigated. First, innovations in wholesale payments technology enhance the security and speed of deposits as a payment medium for customers and therefore affect the split between holdings of cash and the holdings of deposits that can be intermediated by the banking system. Second, innovations in wholesale payments technology help establish well-functioning interbank markets for end-of-day funds, which reduces the need for banks to hold excess reserves. The authors examine these links empirically using payment system reforms in Eastern European countries as a laboratory. The analysis finds evidence that reforms led to a shift away from cash in favor of demand deposits and that this in turn enabled a prolonged credit expansion in the sample countries. By contrast, while payment system innovations also led to a reduction in excess reserves in some countries, this effect was not causal for the credit boom observed in these countries.

Access to Finance --- Bank failures --- Bank of England --- Banking system --- Banking systems --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Borrowing costs --- Central banks --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Demand deposits --- Deposits --- Federal deposit insurance --- Federal reserve system --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Interbank markets --- Interest rates --- Liquid assets --- Loan commitments --- Open market operations --- Payment systems --- Settlement systems --- Transition economies --- Transport

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Land assets have become an important source of financing capital investments by subnational governments in developing countries. Land assets, often with billions of dollars per transaction, rival and sometimes surpass subnational borrowing or fiscal transfers for capital spending. While reducing the uncertainty surrounding future debt repayment capacity, the use of land-based revenues for financing infrastructure can entail substantial fiscal risks. Land sales often involve less transparency than borrowing. Many sales are conducted off-budget, which makes it easier to divert proceeds into operating budgets. Capital revenues from sales of land assets exert a much more volatile trend and could create an incentive to appropriate auction proceeds for financing the operating budget, particularly in times of budget shortfalls during economic downturns. Furthermore, land collateral and expected future land-value appreciation for bank loans can be linked with macroeconomic risks. It is critical to develop ex ante prudential rules comparable to those governing borrowing, to reduce fiscal risks and the contingent liabilities associated with the land-based revenues for financing infrastructure.

Accounting --- Asset management --- Balance sheet --- Balance sheets --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Borrowing --- Capital budgets --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Land development --- Land prices --- Land supply --- Local governments --- Municipal Financial Management --- Operating expenses --- Potential exposure --- Present value --- Public & Municipal Finance --- Public enterprises --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Regulatory framework --- Subnational finance --- Subnational government finance --- Subnational governments --- Systemic risk --- Urban Development

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Land assets have become an important source of financing capital investments by subnational governments in developing countries. Land assets, often with billions of dollars per transaction, rival and sometimes surpass subnational borrowing or fiscal transfers for capital spending. While reducing the uncertainty surrounding future debt repayment capacity, the use of land-based revenues for financing infrastructure can entail substantial fiscal risks. Land sales often involve less transparency than borrowing. Many sales are conducted off-budget, which makes it easier to divert proceeds into operating budgets. Capital revenues from sales of land assets exert a much more volatile trend and could create an incentive to appropriate auction proceeds for financing the operating budget, particularly in times of budget shortfalls during economic downturns. Furthermore, land collateral and expected future land-value appreciation for bank loans can be linked with macroeconomic risks. It is critical to develop ex ante prudential rules comparable to those governing borrowing, to reduce fiscal risks and the contingent liabilities associated with the land-based revenues for financing infrastructure.

Accounting --- Asset management --- Balance sheet --- Balance sheets --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Borrowing --- Capital budgets --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Land development --- Land prices --- Land supply --- Local governments --- Municipal Financial Management --- Operating expenses --- Potential exposure --- Present value --- Public & Municipal Finance --- Public enterprises --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Regulatory framework --- Subnational finance --- Subnational government finance --- Subnational governments --- Systemic risk --- Urban Development