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This paper investigates the impact of rising wheat prices - during the 2007/08 global food crisis - on food security in Afghanistan. Exploiting the temporal stratification of a unique nationally-representative household survey, the analysis finds evidence of large declines in real per capita food consumption and in food security (per capita calorie intake and household dietary diversity) corresponding to the price shocks. The data reveal smaller price elasticities with respect to calories than with respect to food consumption, suggesting that households trade off quality for quantity as they move toward staple foods and away from nutrient-rich foods such as meat and vegetables. In addition, there is increased demand in the face of price increases (Giffen good properties) for wheat products in urban areas. This study improves on country-level simulation studies by providing estimates of actual household wellbeing before and during the height of the global food crisis in one of the world's poorest, most food-insecure countries.

Coping mechanisms --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Food consumption --- Food consumption Per capita --- Food Prices --- Food security --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Surveys --- Industry --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Meat --- Nutrient intake --- Nutrition --- Poverty Reduction --- Regional Economic Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Staple foods --- Wheat

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This paper estimates the impact of the 2008 food price spike and the 2009 contraction in global growth on undernourishment rates. The analysis is based on a methodology that uses a calorie-income relationship and income distribution data. The authors find that the 2008 global food price spike may have increased global undernourishment by about 6.8 percent, or 63 million people. Moreover, they show that the sharp slowdown in global growth in 2009 could have contributed to 41 million more undernourished people compared with what would have happened if the economic crisis had not occurred.

Agricultural economics --- Agricultural production --- Agriculture --- Cassava --- Cereal prices --- Demand for food --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Energy prices --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Food consumption --- Food insecurity --- Food policy --- Food prices --- Food production --- Food security --- Foods --- Industry --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Maize --- Markets and Market Access --- Price increases --- Price index --- Private Sector Development --- Purchasing --- Regional Economic Development --- Rice --- Wheat

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This paper investigates the impact of rising wheat prices - during the 2007/08 global food crisis - on food security in Afghanistan. Exploiting the temporal stratification of a unique nationally-representative household survey, the analysis finds evidence of large declines in real per capita food consumption and in food security (per capita calorie intake and household dietary diversity) corresponding to the price shocks. The data reveal smaller price elasticities with respect to calories than with respect to food consumption, suggesting that households trade off quality for quantity as they move toward staple foods and away from nutrient-rich foods such as meat and vegetables. In addition, there is increased demand in the face of price increases (Giffen good properties) for wheat products in urban areas. This study improves on country-level simulation studies by providing estimates of actual household wellbeing before and during the height of the global food crisis in one of the world's poorest, most food-insecure countries.

Coping mechanisms --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Food consumption --- Food consumption Per capita --- Food Prices --- Food security --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Surveys --- Industry --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Meat --- Nutrient intake --- Nutrition --- Poverty Reduction --- Regional Economic Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Staple foods --- Wheat

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The climate change (CC) caused by increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 and other Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), can be addressed through adaptation and mitigation strategies. Adaptation consists of strategies which minimize vulnerability to CC. The objective is to increase resilience of the ecosystems and communities through adoption of specific sustainable land management (SLM) techniques that have adaptive benefits. On the other hand, the goal of mitigation strategies is to enhance soil and vegetation (land) sinks for absorbing atmospheric CO2 and to minimize net emissions. In the context of the resource-poor and small landholders of the developing countries, adaptation to CC is essential. Adaptation strategies are needed to enhance the positive and reduce the negative effects of CC. Adaptation is also needed because complete mitigation of CC may never occur. The strategy is to adopt those SLM technologies which have both adaptation and mitigation impacts at multiple scales (household, community, and watershed, national, global). There are four major areas in the tropics and sub-tropics where adoption of SLM technologies can help to both adapt to and mitigate CC: (i) tropical forest ecosystems (TFEs), (ii) tropical savannah and rangeland ecosystems (TSREs), (iii) world cropland soils, and (iv) salinized and degraded/desertified lands. Nonetheless, adoption of SLM technologies in the temperate regions (North America, Europe, Australia, Japan) is also important to adapting to CC. However, this report focuses on SLM options for developing countries of the tropics and sub-tropics.

Adaptation to Climate Change --- Aerosols --- Afforestation --- Agriculture --- Air Quality --- Biodiversity --- Carbon Dioxide --- Carbon Sequestration --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coal --- Common Property Resource Development --- Conservation --- Crop Yields --- Crops --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Deforestation --- Desertification --- Drainage --- Dry Seasons --- Emissions --- Energy Production --- Environment --- Erosion --- Ethanol --- Farming --- Fertilizer --- Floods --- Food Production --- Food Security --- Forests --- Global Warming --- Grasslands --- Greenhouse Gases --- Land Management --- Landfills --- Maize --- Mangroves --- National Parks --- Natural Resources --- Oil Palm --- Pastures --- Pesticides --- Pine Plantations --- Precipitation --- Rainfall --- Recycling --- Rice --- Runoff --- Rural Development --- Soil Carbon --- Soil Erosion --- Soybeans --- Storms --- Sustainable Land Management --- Temperature --- Tree Crops --- Trees --- Water Harvesting --- Water Resources --- Weeds --- Wetlands --- Wheat

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This paper provides a synthetic overview of the link between food insecurity and conflict, addressing both traditional (civil and interstate war) and emerging (regime stability, violent rioting and communal conflict) threats to security and political stability. In addition, it addresses the various attempts by national governments, intergovernmental organizations, and civil society to address food insecurity and, in particular, the link with conflict. It begins with a discussion of the various effects of food insecurity for several types of conflict, and discusses the interactions among political, social, and demographic factors that may exacerbate these effects. It then discusses the capabilities of states, international markets, intergovernmental organizations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to break the link between food security and conflict by focusing on mechanisms that can shield both food consumers and producers from short-term price instability. Finally, it discusses projected trends in both food insecurity and conflict and concludes with some brief comments on policies that can build resilience in light of projections of higher and volatile food prices and a changing climate.

Agricultural Productivity --- Agriculture --- Animal Feed --- Apartheid --- Cash Crops --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Economics --- Cognitive Development --- Collateral --- Commodity Prices --- Conflict and Development --- Crop Yields --- Democracies --- Developing Countries --- Economic Development --- Energy Subsidies --- Exchange Rates --- Expenditures --- Extreme Weather Events --- Feedstocks --- Financial Crisis --- Financial Institutions --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Food Assistance --- Food Consumption --- Food Production --- Food Security --- Food Subsidies --- Grains --- Hedge Funds --- Household Consumption --- Human Capital --- Human Rights --- Hunger --- Industry --- Inflation --- Insurance --- Interest Rates --- Low-Income Countries --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Maize --- Market Forces --- Marketing --- Meat --- Natural Disasters --- Natural Resources --- Pesticides --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Price Stability --- Price Volatility --- Rice --- Risk Aversion --- Risk Management --- Savings --- Social Capital --- Social Safety Nets --- Supply Side --- Surplus --- Transaction Costs --- Urbanization --- Wheat --- World Food Programme