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The information presented in the Handbook of Brain Microcircuits was previously dispersed across the literature. In fact, some microcircuits were previously brought together for selected regions in The Synaptic Organization of the Brain edited by Gordon Shepherd (2003) and Microcircuits edited by Sten Grillner and Ann Graybiel (2006). This handbook greatly extends that coverage to over 40 regions of the vertebrate and invertebrate nervous system becoming the go-to source for key circuits within the neurosciences. In order to focus on principles, each chapter is brief, organized around 1-3 wiri

Brain. --- Neural circuitry. --- Neurophysiology. --- Brain --- Neurons --- Nerve Net. --- Synaptic Transmission. --- physiology.

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Three distinct types of contractions perform colonic motility functions. Rhythmic phasic contractions (RPCs) cause slow net distal propulsion with extensive mixing/turning over. Infrequently occurring giant migrating contractions (GMCs) produce mass movements. Tonic contractions aid RPCs in their motor function. The spatiotemporal patterns of these contractions differ markedly. The amplitude and distance of propagation of a GMC are several-fold larger than those of an RPC. The enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells are the core regulators of all three types of contractions. The regulation of contractions by these mechanisms is modifiable by extrinsic factors: CNS, autonomic neurons, hormones, inflammatory mediators, and stress mediators. Only the GMCs produce descending inhibition, which accommodates the large bolus being propelled without increasing muscle tone. The strong compression of the colon wall generates afferent signals that are below nociceptive threshold in healthy subjects. However, these signals become nociceptive; if the amplitudes of GMCs increase, afferent nerves become hypersensitive, or descending inhibition is impaired. The GMCs also provide the force for rapid propulsion of feces and descending inhibition to relax the internal anal sphincter during defecation. The dysregulation of GMCs is a major factor in colonic motility disorders: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and diverticular disease (DD). Frequent mass movements by GMCs cause diarrhea in diarrhea predominant IBS, IBD, and DD, while a decrease in the frequency of GMCs causes constipation. The GMCs generate the afferent signals for intermittent short-lived episodes of abdominal cramping in these disorders. Epigenetic dysregulation due to adverse events in early life is one of the major factors in generating the symptoms of IBS in adulthood.

Colon (Anatomy) --- Motility. --- Colon. --- Gastrointestinal Motility. --- Smooth muscle --- Slow waves --- Enteric neurons --- Excitation-contraction coupling --- Peristaltic reflex --- ICC --- Motility disorders --- Volume transmission --- Synaptic transmission --- Irritable bowel syndrome --- Inflammatory bowel disease --- Diverticular disease --- Diarrhea --- Constipation --- Visceral hypersensitivity --- Excitation-inhibition coupling --- Descending inhibition --- Abdominal pain --- Enteric nervous system --- Defecation

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The discovery of microRNAs has revealed an unexpected and spectacular additional level of fine tuning of the genome and how genes are used again and again in different combinations to generate the complexity that underlies for instance the brain. Since the initial studies performed in C.elegans, we have gone a far way to begin to understand how microRNA pathways can have an impact on health and disease in human. Although microRNAs are abundantly expressed in the brain, relatively little is known about the multiple functions of these RNA molecules in the nervous system. Nevertheless, we know already that microRNA pathways play major roles in the proliferation, differentiation, function and maintenance of neuronal cells. Several intriguing studies have linked microRNAs as major regulators of the neuronal phenotype, and have implicated specific microRNAs in the regulation of synapse formation and plasticity. Dysfunction of microRNA pathways is also slowly emerging as a potential important contributor to the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. These novel insights appear to be particular promising for the understanding of the very frequent and badly understood sporadic forms of these diseases as compared to the genetic forms. Thus, the better understanding of the implications of this novel field of molecular biology is crucial for the broad area of neurosciences, from the fundamental aspects to the clinic, and from novel diagnostic to potentially therapeutic applications for severe neurological and maybe psychiatric diseases.

Biomedicine. --- Neurosciences. --- Gene Expression. --- Medicine. --- Gene expression. --- Médecine --- Expression génique --- Neurosciences --- Academic collection --- MicroRNAs --- Synaptic Transmission --- Neurodegenerative Diseases --- Genetic Therapy. --- DNA Therapy --- Gene Therapy, Somatic --- Genetic Therapy, Gametic --- Genetic Therapy, Somatic --- Therapy, DNA --- Therapy, Gene --- Therapy, Somatic Gene --- Gene Therapy --- Somatic Gene Therapy --- Gametic Genetic Therapies --- Gametic Genetic Therapy --- Genetic Therapies --- Genetic Therapies, Gametic --- Genetic Therapies, Somatic --- Somatic Genetic Therapies --- Somatic Genetic Therapy --- Therapies, Gametic Genetic --- Therapies, Genetic --- Therapies, Somatic Genetic --- Therapy, Gametic Genetic --- Therapy, Genetic --- Therapy, Somatic Genetic --- Gene Transfer Techniques --- Genetic Services --- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide --- genetics. --- Academic collection - Academische collectie - Collection academique --- Genetic regulation --- Molecular neurobiology --- Neural transmission --- Small interfering RNA --- Genetic Therapy --- piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) --- Piwi-interacting RNA --- Piwi protein-interacting RNA --- rasiRNA (Repeat-associated small interfering RNA) --- Repeat-associated siRNA --- Repeat-associated small interfering RNA --- Scan RNA --- scnRNA (Small scan RNA) --- Short hairpin RNA --- Short interfering RNA --- shRNA (Short hairpin RNA) --- siRNA (Small interfering RNA) --- Small hairpin RNA --- Small scan RNA --- tasiRNA (Trans-acting small interfering RNA) --- Trans-acting siRNA --- Trans-acting small interfering RNA --- Antisense RNA --- Nerve transmission --- Nervous transmission --- Neurotransmission --- Synaptic transmission --- Transmission of nerve impulses --- Neural circuitry --- Neurophysiology --- Neurotransmitters --- Molecular neurology --- Nervous system --- Molecular biology --- Neurobiology --- Gene expression --- Gene expression regulation --- Gene regulation --- Biosynthesis --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Molecular genetics --- Disorders&delete& --- Gene therapy --- Genetic aspects --- genetics --- Molecular aspects --- Regulation --- Disorders

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The discovery of microRNAs has revealed an unexpected and spectacular additional level of fine tuning of the genome and how genes are used again and again in different combinations to generate the complexity that underlies for instance the brain. Since the initial studies performed in C.elegans, we have gone a far way to begin to understand how microRNA pathways can have an impact on health and disease in human. Although microRNAs are abundantly expressed in the brain, relatively little is known about the multiple functions of these RNA molecules in the nervous system. Nevertheless, we know already that microRNA pathways play major roles in the proliferation, differentiation, function and maintenance of neuronal cells. Several intriguing studies have linked microRNAs as major regulators of the neuronal phenotype, and have implicated specific microRNAs in the regulation of synapse formation and plasticity. Dysfunction of microRNA pathways is also slowly emerging as a potential important contributor to the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. These novel insights appear to be particular promising for the understanding of the very frequent and badly understood sporadic forms of these diseases as compared to the genetic forms. Thus, the better understanding of the implications of this novel field of molecular biology is crucial for the broad area of neurosciences, from the fundamental aspects to the clinic, and from novel diagnostic to potentially therapeutic applications for severe neurological and maybe psychiatric diseases.

Genetic regulation. --- Molecular neurobiology. --- Neural transmission -- Disorders -- Gene therapy. --- Neural transmission -- Disorders -- Genetic aspects. --- Small interfering RNA. --- Small interfering RNA --- Molecular neurobiology --- Genetic regulation --- Neural transmission --- Neurodegenerative Diseases --- Synaptic Transmission --- Gene Therapy --- Genetics --- MicroRNAs --- Congresses --- Signal Transduction --- RNA, Antisense --- Publication Formats --- Nervous System Diseases --- Biological Therapy --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Electrophysiological Processes --- Biology --- RNA, Small Untranslated --- Genetic Engineering --- Physiological Processes --- Publication Characteristics --- RNA, Untranslated --- Biochemical Processes --- Diseases --- Genetic Techniques --- Antisense Elements (Genetics) --- Therapeutics --- Biological Science Disciplines --- RNA --- Electrophysiological Phenomena --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Investigative Techniques --- Chemical Processes --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Physiological Phenomena --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Nucleic Acids --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Chemical Phenomena --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Neurology --- Philology & Linguistics --- Animal Biochemistry --- Medicine --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Languages & Literatures --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Disorders --- Genetic aspects --- Gene therapy --- Genetic aspects. --- Gene therapy. --- Nerve transmission --- Nervous transmission --- Neurotransmission --- Synaptic transmission --- Transmission of nerve impulses --- Gene expression --- Gene expression regulation --- Gene regulation --- Molecular neurology --- Nervous system --- piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) --- Piwi-interacting RNA --- Piwi protein-interacting RNA --- rasiRNA (Repeat-associated small interfering RNA) --- Repeat-associated siRNA --- Repeat-associated small interfering RNA --- Scan RNA --- scnRNA (Small scan RNA) --- Short hairpin RNA --- Short interfering RNA --- shRNA (Short hairpin RNA) --- siRNA (Small interfering RNA) --- Small hairpin RNA --- Small scan RNA --- tasiRNA (Trans-acting small interfering RNA) --- Trans-acting siRNA --- Trans-acting small interfering RNA --- Regulation --- Molecular aspects --- Medicine. --- Gene expression. --- Neurosciences. --- Biomedicine. --- Gene Expression. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Genes --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Expression --- Neural circuitry --- Neurophysiology --- Neurotransmitters --- Biosynthesis --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Molecular genetics --- Molecular biology --- Neurobiology --- Antisense RNA

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The recent perceived rise in autism worldwide has spurned a dramatic increase in autism research, but few studies have focused on determining the neurochemical basis of the disorder. The Neurochemical Basis of Autism: From Molecules to Minicolumns is a uniquely vital and interdisciplinary text that presents the latest findings and newest ideas regarding the physiological, neuropathological, neurochemical and clinical elements of autism. This book contains an array of unique perspectives on autism from top researchers in their respective fields. It begins with a clinical and medical perspective that discusses etiologies, early identification, advancements in medical care and associated disorders. It then proceeds to cover a variety of topics such as neuropathological changes in autism to the pre- and post-natal development timing of the disorder, changes in the cerebellum in autism, the role of oxytocin in autism, the relationship of oxidative stress and autism, a comprehensive review of pharmacotherapies, and much more. Lastly, the book recounts the novel hypotheses being used to explore the causes and cures of the disorder. Chapter introductions and lay abstracts make this book as accessible to the parents, siblings and caretakers of autistic children as it is indispensable to the scientists, researchers and clinicians on the front line of this baffling affliction. About the Editor Dr. Gene J. Blatt is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology at Boston University School of Medicine. He received his Ph.D. specializing in Neuroanatomy at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. For the past 10 years, Dr. Blatt’s research interests have focused on the neuropathological and neurochemical basis of autism, utilizing cerebellar, limbic and cerebral cortical human postmortem tissue and he has published extensively in these areas. A specific focus has been on the GABA system in autism and Dr. Blatt was one of the first researchers to demonstrate GABAergic abnormalities in the autism brain.

Autism -- Genetic aspects. --- Autism -- Molecular aspects. --- Neurochemistry. --- Autism --- Neurochemistry --- Signal Transduction --- Biological Factors --- Proteins --- Electrophysiological Processes --- Child Development Disorders, Pervasive --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Nerve Tissue Proteins --- Biological Markers --- Synaptic Transmission --- Chemistry --- Autistic Disorder --- Biochemical Processes --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Physiological Processes --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood --- Electrophysiological Phenomena --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Physiological Phenomena --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Chemical Processes --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Mental Disorders --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemical Phenomena --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Psychiatry --- Medicine --- Psychiatric Disorders, Individual --- Neurology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Genetic aspects --- Molecular aspects --- Genetic aspects. --- Molecular aspects. --- Autistic disorder --- Medicine. --- Neurosciences. --- Pharmacology. --- Neurology. --- Psychopharmacology. --- Biomedicine. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Biochemistry --- Neurosciences --- Autism spectrum disorders --- Hyperlexia --- Toxicology. --- Behavioral pharmacology --- Drugs --- Chemotherapy --- Pharmacology --- Psychotropic drugs --- Chemicals --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Neuropsychiatry --- Psychotropic effects --- Toxicology --- Diseases --- Health Workforce --- Neurology . --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect