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Traces the historical development of civil society and philanthropy in the West and analyzes their role in solving the problems faced by modern liberal democracy

Social service. --- Common good. --- Civil society --- Civil society. --- Benevolent institutions --- Philanthropy --- Relief stations (for the poor) --- Social service agencies --- Social welfare --- Social work --- Human services --- Good, Common --- Public good --- Political science --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Justice --- Public interest --- Social contract --- History.

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The recent public economics literature involves an apparent consensus that income effects reduce the costs of raising revenues and hence increase the desirable level of public good provision. Higher taxes can indeed reduce the demand for leisure - and hence increase the supply of taxed labor - through income effects. However, the consensus is wrong because the income effects of taxes must be considered symmetrically with those from provision of public goods. This paper uses a model with multiple public goods and taxes to derive consistent measures of the marginal benefits of publicly-provided goods and their marginal social costs. With this model, the authors show that either compensated approaches excluding these income effects or uncompensated approaches including them may be used. If an uncompensated measure of the marginal cost of funds is used, however, the benefits of providing public goods should be adjusted with a simple, benefit multiplier not previously seen in the literature. Once this is done, the optimal level of public provision is independent of whether compensated or uncompensated approaches are used. Proper accounting for these income effects - or their omission using a compensated approach - appears to substantially raise the hurdle for government provision where there are substantial taxes bearing on labor.

Agriculture --- Budget constraints --- Consumers --- Debt Markets --- Economic performance --- Economic theory --- Economic Theory & Research --- Economics --- Economics literature --- Elasticity --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal policies --- Fiscal policy --- Government expenditures --- Income --- Income effect --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Marginal benefits --- Marginal cost --- Normal good --- Private Sector Development --- Public good --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Real income --- Tax revenues --- Taxation --- Taxation & Subsidies

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Much of the research on ethnicity, development and conflict implicitly assumes that ethnic groups act collectively in pursuit of their interests. Collective political action is typically facilitated by political parties able to make credible commitments to pursue group interests. Other work, however, emphasizes the lack of political credibility as a source of adverse development outcomes. Evidence presented here uses partisan preferences across 16 Sub-Saharan African countries to distinguish these positions. The evidence is inconsistent with the credibility of party commitments to pursue collective ethnic interests: ethnic clustering of political support is less widespread than expected; members of clustered ethnic groups exhibit high rates of partisan disinterest and are only slightly more likely to express a partisan preference; and partisan preferences are more affected by factors, such as gift-giving, often associated with low political credibility. These findings emphasize the importance of looking beyond ethnicity in analyses of economic development.

Candidates --- Constituencies --- Constituency --- Decision making --- Democracies --- Democracy --- Democratic development --- Democratic process --- Democratic regimes --- Education --- Education and Society --- Educational Sciences --- Election --- Elections --- Electorate --- Governance --- Health --- Nutrition and Population --- Parliamentary Government --- Policy issues --- Political campaigns --- Political parties --- Political party --- Political systems --- Population Policies --- Public good --- Public interest --- Public services --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion & Institutions

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Focusing on writings of legal theory by leading jurisprudents from al-Jassas (d. 370/980) to al-Shatibi (d. 790/1388), this study traces the Islamic discourse on legal change. It looks at the concept of maslaha (people's well-being) as a method of extending and adapting God's law, showing how it evolves from an obscure legal principle to being interpreted as the all-encompassing purpose of God's law. Discussions on maslaha's epistemology, its role in the law-finding process, the limits of human investigation into divine commands, and the delineation of the sphere of religious law in Muslim society highlight the interplay between law, theology, logic, and politics that make maslaha a viable vehicle of legal change up to the present. --Book Jacket.

Istiṣlāḥ (Islamic law) --- Common good --- Public interest law --- Islamic law --- Civil law (Islamic law) --- Law, Arab --- Law, Islamic --- Law in the Qurʼan --- Sharia (Islamic law) --- Shariʻah (Islamic law) --- Law, Oriental --- Law, Semitic --- Law, Public interest --- Pro bono publico legal services --- Public interest --- Practice of law --- Cause lawyers --- Legal services --- Good, Common --- Public good --- Political science --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Justice --- Maṣāliḥ al-mursalah (Islamic law) --- Maṣlaḥah (Islamic law) --- Public interest (Islamic law) --- Qiyās (Islamic law) --- History. --- Interpretation and construction --- Law and legislation --- 297.15 --- 297.15 Islam: ethiek; religieuze wetten --- Islam: ethiek; religieuze wetten --- History --- Interpretation and construction&delete& --- Istiṣlāḥ (Islamic law). --- Istiṣlāḥ (Islamic law).

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"Successful development of clinical data as an engine for knowledge generation has the potential to transform health and health care in America. As part of its Learning Health System Series, the Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven Health Care hosted a workshop to discuss expanding the access to and use of clinical data as a foundation for care improvement."--Publisher's description.

Common good -- United States -- Congresses. --- Medical policy -- United States -- Congresses. --- Medical policy -- United States -- Public opinion -- Congresses. --- Medical informatics --- Common good --- Medical policy --- Public interest --- Medical records --- Medical care --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Management Information Systems --- Information Science --- Software --- Informatics --- Investigative Techniques --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Publication Formats --- Organization and Administration --- Information Systems --- Public Health --- Computing Methodologies --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Quality of Health Care --- Publication Characteristics --- Medical Informatics Applications --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Services Administration --- Health Care --- Data Collection --- Database Management Systems --- Medical Informatics --- Information Management --- Congresses --- Methods --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Medical & Biomedical Informatics --- Public opinion --- Data processing --- Health care policy --- Health policy --- Medicine and state --- Policy, Medical --- Public health --- Public health policy --- State and medicine --- Good, Common --- Public good --- Government policy --- Science and state --- Social policy --- Political science --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Justice