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Seawater --- Atmospheric carbon dioxide. --- Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry) --- Ocean-atmosphere interaction. --- Carbon dioxide content.

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Many climatic extremes around the globe, such as severe droughts and floods, can be attributed to the periodic warming of the equatorial Pacific sea surface, termed the El Niño or Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Advances in our understanding of ENSO, in which Edward Sarachik and Mark Cane have been key participants, have led to marked improvements in our ability to predict its development months or seasons, allowing adaptation to global impacts. The book introduces basic concepts and builds to more detailed theoretical treatments. Chapters on the structure and dynamics of the tropical ocean and atmosphere place ENSO in a broader observational and theoretical context. Chapters on ENSO prediction, past and future, and impacts introduce broader implications of the phenomenon. This book provides an introduction to all aspects of this most important mode of global climate variability, for research workers and students of all levels in climate science, oceanography and related fields.

Southern oscillation. --- El Niño Current. --- Atmospheric pressure --- Ocean-atmosphere interaction --- El Niño Current. --- Corriente del Niño --- Holy Child Current --- Niño Current --- El Nino Current.

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This book is a product of the joint JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study)/LOICZ (Land–Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone) Continental Margins Task Team which was established to facilitate continental margins research in the two projects. It contains signi cant information on the physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystems of continental margins nationally and regionally and provides a very valuable synthesis of this information and the physical, biogeochemical and ecosystem processes which occur on continental margins. The publication of this book is timely as it provides a very strong foundation for the development of the joint IMBER (Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Research)/LOICZ Science Plan and Implemen- tion Strategy for biogeochemical and ecosystems research in the continental margins and the impacts of global change on these systems. This initiative will move forward integrated biogeochemical and ecosystems research in the continental margins. We thank all the contributors to this volume and especially Kon-Kee Liu who has dedicated a great deal of time to ensuring a high-quality book is published. IMBER Scienti c Steering Committee Julie Hall LOICZ Scienti c Steering Committee Jozef Pacyna v 1 Preface In general, interfaces between the Earth’s larger material reservoirs (i. e. , the land, atmosphere, ocean, and sediments) are important in the control of the biogeoche- cal dynamics and cycling of the major bio-essential elements, including carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and silicon (Si), found in organic matter and the inorganic skeletons, shells, and tests of benthic and marine organisms.

Continental margins -- Carbon content. --- Continental margins -- Environmental conditions. --- Nutrient cycles. --- Ocean-atmosphere interaction. --- Continental margins --- Nutrient cycles --- Ocean-atmosphere interaction --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Marine Science --- Environmental conditions --- Carbon content --- Carbon content. --- Environmental conditions. --- Air-sea interaction --- Air-sea interactions --- Atmosphere-ocean interaction --- Atmosphere-ocean interactions --- Atmospheric-oceanic interactions --- Interaction of atmosphere and ocean --- Interactions of atmosphere and ocean --- Ocean-meteorological relations --- Oceanic-atmospheric interactions --- Sea-air interaction --- Sea-air interactions --- Nutrient cycling --- Margins, Continental --- Earth sciences. --- Geochemistry. --- Oceanography. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Earth Sciences. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences --- Marine meteorology --- Oceanography --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Biogeochemical cycles --- Food chains (Ecology) --- Submarine topography --- Ecology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Population biology --- Ecology

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Aimed at scientists using satellite microwave radiometry to study remote sensing of the heat and dynamic interaction between ocean and atmosphere, this text is a fully revised and expanded edition of the authors’ 2004 monograph "Intercorrelation between Natural Microwave Radiation of the Ocean-Atmosphere System and its Boundary Heat and Dynamic Interaction", previously published only in Russian. The book describes different approaches to the analysis of heat and dynamic processes in the ocean-atmosphere interface with satellite passive radiometric observations of microwaves. It examines the feasibility of determining synoptic, seasonal and year-to-year variations of sensible, latent heat and momentum fluxes to a useful accuracy using the DMSP SSM/I data directly from the measured brightness temperatures. In addition, the text considers the parameters of the ocean surface and the near surface atmosphere as they relate to the processes of the ocean-atmosphere heat and dynamic interaction. These processes can be analyzed from satellites using a variety of methods, including comparison of data of synchronous satellite passive microwave radiometric and direct oceanographic and meteorological measurements, and the modeling of their variations and analysis of interrelations at different time scales. The main results have been obtained by combining data from the vessel experiments NEWFOUEX-88, ATLANTEX-90 and the data of microwave radiometric measurements from the DMSP series of meteorological satellites. At the same time as covering a key topic area with implications for global warming research, this text will also be useful to students who want to gain insight into the application of satellite microwave radiometric methods for studying the air-sea interaction. Key themes: air-sea interaction, brightness temperature, heat and momentum surface fluxes, radiation models, satellite radiometry, ATLANTEX-90, NEWFOUEX-88 Alexander G. Grankov received his Ph.D at the Kotel'nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, where he is currently a vice-head of the laboratory. He has 30 years of experience in remote sensing of oceans and land cover, intercommunication between natural microwave radiation and heat transfer in the air-surface interface. He is a member of the Popov Radioengineering Society and has participated in more than 30 national and international aerospace experiments. He is the author of over 190 scientific publications. Alexander A. Milshin is a principal researcher at the Kotel'nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "RPC Istok," Russia. He has 30 years of experience in remote sensing of the ocean and land cover, and in processing microwave radiometric measurement data from satellites and aircraft. He is a member of the Popov Radioengineering Society and has participated in more than 25 national and international aerospace experiments. He has authored over 170 scientific publications.

Ocean-atmosphere interaction --- Radar meteorology --- Radiometers --- Atmosphere --- Oceanography --- Climatic changes --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Marine Science --- Remote sensing --- Observations --- Research --- Radar meteorology. --- Remote sensing. --- Research. --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Radiometer --- Earth sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Continuum physics. --- Optics. --- Electrodynamics. --- Environmental sciences. --- Earth Sciences. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Optics and Electrodynamics. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- Environmental Physics. --- Classical Continuum Physics. --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Meteorology --- Meteorological instruments --- Radiation --- Radar --- Measurement --- Instruments --- Atmospheric science --- Physical geography. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Classical and Continuum Physics. --- Geography --- Classical field theory --- Continuum physics --- Physics --- Continuum mechanics --- Environmental science --- Science --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Aerial photogrammetry --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics --- Dynamics --- Light --- Atmospheric sciences