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Earlier research showed that during the 1980s and 1990s most of the global agricultural trade expansion took place among the industrial countries and among countries within trade blocs. These were also periods of declining agricultural prices. These prices increased during the 2000s, there were continuous trade reforms, and many developing countries started to support their agricultural sectors. This paper analyzes trade flows during the past two decades, and tries to measure whether all these developments have changed the trade balances and the share of different groups within the global trade flows. In addition, it looks at the trade balances on food to see the impact of these changes on net food importing countries. In conclusion, unlike the case with manufacturing, developing countries have not been able to increase their export shares in agriculture as significantly. They have maintained their trade shares by primarily expanding exports to other developing countries.

Commodities --- Commodity --- Commodity Price --- Developing countries --- Developing country --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Export growth --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Food prices --- Free Trade --- Growth rates --- Income --- Income group --- Industrial countries --- Industry --- International Economics and Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market shares --- New product --- Output --- Price Behavior --- Price series --- Private Sector Development --- Trade Policy --- Volatility --- World Development Indicators --- World economy --- World trade

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Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Aid for Trade (Initiative) --- Developing countries --- Developed countries --- Commerce. --- Foreign economic relations --- AfT --- World Trade Organization --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- World Trade Organization.

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The financial crisis arose in the industrial countries, but has affected developing countries through higher interest rates, sharp changes in commodity prices, and reductions in investment, trade, migration and remittances. For most low-income countries, shocks that affect food prices or wage rates for unskilled workers seem likely to have the largest impact on poverty, with the declines in key food prices associated with the crisis helping to reduce poverty, while declining trade, investment, and remittance flows have had adverse impacts on the poor. Policies to address the crisis must include measures to deal with financial sector problems, the resulting reductions in aggregate demand, and the particular vulnerabilities of poor people. Given the complexity of the impacts from financial crises and commodity price shocks, there is a strong case for developing better social safety net policies that can offset the adverse impacts of a wide range of different shocks on poor people without creating costly market distortions.

Aggregate demand --- Capital flows --- Commodity --- Commodity price --- Commodity prices --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial assets --- Financial crises --- Financial crisis --- Financial instruments --- Financial sector --- Financial system --- Food prices --- Income --- Industrial countries --- Interest rates --- Low-income countries --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market distortions --- Markets and Market Access --- Private Sector Development --- Savings --- Social safety net

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Economic assistance --- Economic development --- 327.1 --- 338.013 --- 338.340 --- 382.0 --- CG / Congo --- ZR / Congo - Kongo (Zaire) --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- History --- International cooperation --- Buitenlandse politiek. Economische sancties --- Belang, verdeling en beleid van de natuurlijke rijkdommen. Grondstoffen --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- Algemeenheden. Techniek en praktijk van de internationale handel. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Developed countries --- Congo (Kinshasa) --- Congo (Leopoldville) --- Congo DR --- Democratic Republic of Congo --- Democratic Republic of the Congo --- Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- DR Congo --- DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo) --- DRK (Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo) --- Kongo --- RD Congo --- R.D. Congo --- RDC (République démocratique du Congo) --- Republic of Congo (Leopoldville) --- Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville) --- République démocratique du Congo --- République du Congo (Leopoldville) --- Belgian Congo --- Zaire --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- History. --- Foreign economic relations