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It is generally accepted that government health expenditures should disproportionately benefit the poor. And yet in most developing countries the opposite is the case. This paper examines the implications of a central assumption of benefit incidence analysis, namely that the unit cost of a government-provided service bears no relation to the out-of-pocket payments paid by the patient. It argues that a more plausible assumption is that larger out-of-pocket payments for a given unit of utilization reflect more (or more costly) services being delivered. The paper compares - theoretically and empirically - the standard constant-cost assumption with two alternatives, namely that the cost of care in a specific episode of utilization is (a) proportional to or (b) linearly related to the amount of money paid out-of-pocket by the patient. An interesting special case of the linear relationship is where subsidies are focused on a basic unit of care and additional costs are met dollar-for-dollar by additional fees. The paper shows that if fees are more pro-rich than utilization, government spending will be least pro-rich under the constant-cost assumption and most pro-rich under the proportionality assumption. The linear assumption results in a concentration index for subsidies that lies between these two extremes. These results are borne out in an analysis of the incidence of government health spending in Vietnam (a country where fees are more pro-rich than utilization); indeed, under the constant-cost assumption, subsidies are pro-poor while they are pro-rich under the proportionality assumption. The paper also considers the biases created by not allowing for insurance reimbursements.

Clinics --- Economic Theory & Research --- Health --- Health expenditures --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health services --- Health systems --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Hospitals --- Human development --- Incidence analysis --- Income --- Inpatient care --- Insurance --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Medicines --- Nutrition and Population --- Outpatient care --- Patient --- Patients --- Primary health care --- Public health --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- School health --- School health care --- Social services --- Urban Development --- Urban Economics --- Workers

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Financial protection against the cost of illness and inclusion of vulnerable groups - will require better mobilization and use of private means. Private voluntary health insurance already plays an important role in mobilizing additional resources to the health sector and protecting against the catastrophic cost of illness in some countries. This review explores the context under which private voluntary health insurance could contribute to an improvement in the sustainability of the health sector and financial protection in other countries.

Insurance, Health --- Health Expenditures. --- Models, Econometric. --- Private Sector. --- World Health. --- Health insurance --- Assurance-maladie --- economics. --- Economic aspects --- Aspect économique --- Economics. --- Global Health. --- Aspect économique --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Health plans, Prepaid --- Medical care, Prepaid --- Medical insurance --- Prepaid health plans --- Prepaid medical care --- Sickness insurance --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Insurance --- Ambulance service --- Health care reform --- Home care services --- Hospitals --- Medically uninsured persons --- Surgical clinics --- Prospective payment --- Emergency services --- Outpatient services --- Rehabilitation services

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Health Surveys --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Costs and Cost Analysis --- Delivery of Health Care --- Data Collection --- Health Care --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Economics --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Investigative Techniques --- Public Health --- Quality of Health Care --- Environment and Public Health --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Status Indicators --- Health Expenditures --- Health Services --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Medical Statistics --- Health status indicators --- Medical care --- Medical care, Cost of --- Utilization --- Cost of medical care --- Health care costs --- Health care expenditures --- Medical costs --- Medical expenses --- Medical service, Cost of --- Medicine --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Health indicators --- Health status indexes --- Indexes, Health status --- Indicators, Health status --- Costs --- Medical economics --- Medical savings accounts --- Public health --- Health --- Health surveys --- Medical statistics --- Quality of life --- Social indicators --- Methodology

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This sixth edition of Health at a Glance Asia/Pacific presents a set of key indicators of health status, the determinants of health, health care resources and utilisation, health care expenditure and financing and quality of care across 27 Asia-Pacific countries and territories. It also provides a series of dashboards to compare performance across countries and territories, and a thematic analysis on the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on Asia/Pacific health systems.

Health status indicators --- Medical care --- Medical care, Cost of --- Health Status Indicators. --- Health Services --- Health Expenditures --- Health status indicators. --- Medical care, Cost of. --- Utilization --- utilization. --- statistics & numerical data. --- Utilization. --- Asia. --- Pacific Area. --- Health care use --- Medical care use --- Utilization of medical care --- Cost of medical care --- Health care costs --- Health care expenditures --- Medical costs --- Medical expenses --- Medical service, Cost of --- Medicine --- Medical economics --- Medical savings accounts --- Health indicators --- Health status indexes --- Indexes, Health status --- Indicators, Health status --- Health --- Health surveys --- Medical statistics --- Public health --- Quality of life --- Social indicators --- Health Status Indexes --- Health Risk Appraisal --- Health Status Index --- Appraisal, Health Risk --- Appraisals, Health Risk --- Health Risk Appraisals --- Health Status Indicator --- Health Status Indices --- Index, Health Status --- Indexes, Health Status --- Indicator, Health Status --- Indicators, Health Status --- Indices, Health Status --- Risk Appraisal, Health --- Risk Appraisals, Health --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Costs --- Methodology --- Asia-Pacific Region --- Asian and Pacific Council countries --- Asian-Pacific Region --- Pacific Ocean Region --- Pacific Region --- Pacific Rim --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Southern Asia --- Services, Health --- Health Service --- E-books

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Since 1990, the social and economic policies of the transition countries of central and eastern Europe, the Caucasus and central Asia have diverged, including the way they have reformed the financing of their health systems. This book analyses this rich experience in a systematic way. It reviews the background to health financing systems and reform in these countries, starting with the legacy of the systems in the USSR and central and eastern Europe before 1990 and the consequences (particularly fiscal) of the transition for their organization and performance. From practical experience of implementing, advising or evaluating health financing policies in the region, the authors offer important lessons, as well as pitfalls to avoid in the reform process. This book is essential reading for health finance policy-makers, advisers and analysts in this region and beyond.

Economics [Medical ] --- Economie médicale --- Geneeskunde [Gesocialiseerde ] --- Geneeskunde [Geëtatiseerde ] --- Geneeskunde [Staats] --- Geneeskunde--Economische aspecten --- Gesocialiseerde geneeskunde --- Gezondheid--Economische aspecten --- Gezondheidseconomie --- Gezondheidszorg--Economische aspecten --- Gezondheidszorg--Hervorming --- Geëtatiseerde geneeskunde --- Health care reform --- Health economics --- Health reform --- Health system reform --- Health--Economic aspects --- Hervorming van de gezondheidszorg --- Hygiene--Economic aspects --- Hygiène--Aspects économiques --- Hygiëne--Economische aspecten --- Medical care [State ] --- Medical care reform --- Medical care--Economic aspects --- Medical economics --- Medicine [State ] --- Medicine--Economic aspects --- Médecine étatisée --- Médecine--Aspects économiques --- National health care --- Reform of health care delivery --- Reform of medical care delivery --- Santé--Aspects économiques --- Socialized medicine --- Soins médicaux--Aspects économiques --- Soins médicaux--Réforme --- State medicine --- Medical care --- Medical policy --- Cost control --- Health Care Reform. --- Health Care Costs. --- National Health Programs --- Health Policy. --- National Health Policy --- Health Policies --- Health Policies, National --- Health Policy, National --- National Health Policies --- Policies, Health --- Policies, National Health --- Policy, Health --- Policy, National Health --- Policy Making --- Costs, Medical Care --- Health Costs --- Healthcare Costs --- Medical Care Costs --- Treatment Costs --- Cost, Health --- Cost, Health Care --- Cost, Healthcare --- Cost, Medical Care --- Cost, Treatment --- Costs, Health --- Costs, Health Care --- Costs, Healthcare --- Costs, Treatment --- Health Care Cost --- Health Cost --- Healthcare Cost --- Medical Care Cost --- Treatment Cost --- Health Expenditures --- Healthcare Reform --- Health Care Reforms --- Healthcare Reforms --- Reform, Health Care --- Reform, Healthcare --- Reforms, Health Care --- Reforms, Healthcare --- economics. --- Europe. --- Asia, Central. --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- Health Care Costs --- Health Care Reform --- Health Policy --- Health care policy --- Health policy --- Medicine and state --- Policy, Medical --- Public health --- Public health policy --- State and medicine --- Science and state --- Social policy --- Economics, Medical --- Health --- Hygiene --- Medicine --- Delivery of health care --- Delivery of medical care --- Health care --- Health care delivery --- Health services --- Healthcare --- Medical and health care industry --- Medical services --- Personal health services --- Healthcare reform --- Health insurance --- economics --- Government policy --- Economic aspects --- Finance --- Healthcare Policy --- Healthcare Policies --- Policy, Healthcare --- Health Care Policies --- Care Policies, Health --- Health Care Policy --- Policies, Health Care --- Policies, Healthcare --- Policy, Health Care --- Medical economics - European Union countries --- Medical care - European Union countries - Cost control --- Medical policy - European Union countries --- Health care reform - European Union countries