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The discovery of microRNAs has revealed an unexpected and spectacular additional level of fine tuning of the genome and how genes are used again and again in different combinations to generate the complexity that underlies for instance the brain. Since the initial studies performed in C.elegans, we have gone a far way to begin to understand how microRNA pathways can have an impact on health and disease in human. Although microRNAs are abundantly expressed in the brain, relatively little is known about the multiple functions of these RNA molecules in the nervous system. Nevertheless, we know already that microRNA pathways play major roles in the proliferation, differentiation, function and maintenance of neuronal cells. Several intriguing studies have linked microRNAs as major regulators of the neuronal phenotype, and have implicated specific microRNAs in the regulation of synapse formation and plasticity. Dysfunction of microRNA pathways is also slowly emerging as a potential important contributor to the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. These novel insights appear to be particular promising for the understanding of the very frequent and badly understood sporadic forms of these diseases as compared to the genetic forms. Thus, the better understanding of the implications of this novel field of molecular biology is crucial for the broad area of neurosciences, from the fundamental aspects to the clinic, and from novel diagnostic to potentially therapeutic applications for severe neurological and maybe psychiatric diseases.

Biomedicine. --- Neurosciences. --- Gene Expression. --- Medicine. --- Gene expression. --- Médecine --- Expression génique --- Neurosciences --- Academic collection --- MicroRNAs --- Synaptic Transmission --- Neurodegenerative Diseases --- Genetic Therapy. --- DNA Therapy --- Gene Therapy, Somatic --- Genetic Therapy, Gametic --- Genetic Therapy, Somatic --- Therapy, DNA --- Therapy, Gene --- Therapy, Somatic Gene --- Gene Therapy --- Somatic Gene Therapy --- Gametic Genetic Therapies --- Gametic Genetic Therapy --- Genetic Therapies --- Genetic Therapies, Gametic --- Genetic Therapies, Somatic --- Somatic Genetic Therapies --- Somatic Genetic Therapy --- Therapies, Gametic Genetic --- Therapies, Genetic --- Therapies, Somatic Genetic --- Therapy, Gametic Genetic --- Therapy, Genetic --- Therapy, Somatic Genetic --- Gene Transfer Techniques --- Genetic Services --- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide --- genetics. --- Academic collection - Academische collectie - Collection academique --- Genetic regulation --- Molecular neurobiology --- Neural transmission --- Small interfering RNA --- Genetic Therapy --- piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) --- Piwi-interacting RNA --- Piwi protein-interacting RNA --- rasiRNA (Repeat-associated small interfering RNA) --- Repeat-associated siRNA --- Repeat-associated small interfering RNA --- Scan RNA --- scnRNA (Small scan RNA) --- Short hairpin RNA --- Short interfering RNA --- shRNA (Short hairpin RNA) --- siRNA (Small interfering RNA) --- Small hairpin RNA --- Small scan RNA --- tasiRNA (Trans-acting small interfering RNA) --- Trans-acting siRNA --- Trans-acting small interfering RNA --- Antisense RNA --- Nerve transmission --- Nervous transmission --- Neurotransmission --- Synaptic transmission --- Transmission of nerve impulses --- Neural circuitry --- Neurophysiology --- Neurotransmitters --- Molecular neurology --- Nervous system --- Molecular biology --- Neurobiology --- Gene expression --- Gene expression regulation --- Gene regulation --- Biosynthesis --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Molecular genetics --- Disorders&delete& --- Gene therapy --- Genetic aspects --- genetics --- Molecular aspects --- Regulation --- Disorders