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Solid tumors frequently contain areas of oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) due to rapid cell proliferation and/or vascular insufficiency. The presence of hypoxic domains typically correlates with poor patient prognosis, due to the relative resistance of hypoxic cells to conventional cancer therapies and effects of O2 availability on disease progression. The response of malignant cells to hypoxia has been the focus of intense research over the last decade. In this issue of Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, the authors present articles describing the impact of hypoxia on components of the tumor microenvironment (such as endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, and tumor associated fibroblasts), the expression of unique microRNAs, tumor cell differentiation status, and metastasis. Each review article describes the state of the field studying these topics, and poses important questions for the future. The overall goal is to depict tumor phenotypes and associated molecular pathways to be exploited in the development of novel therapeutics to be used against a broad spectrum of human cancers.

General embryology. Developmental biology --- Human physiology --- Oncology. Neoplasms --- embryologie (biologie) --- oncologie --- fysiologie --- embryologie (geneeskunde)

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One of the major questions in the evolution of animals is the transition from unicellular to multicellular organization, which resulted in the emergence of Metazoa through a hypothetical Urmetazoa. The Comparative Embryology of Sponges contains abundant original and literary data on comparative embryology and morphology of the Porifera (Sponges), a group of 'lower Metazoa'. On the basis of this material, original typization of the development of Sponges is given and the problems concerning origin and evolution of Porifera and their ontogenesis are discussed. A morphogenetic interpretation of the body plan development during embryogenesis, metamorphosis and asexual reproduction in Sponges is proposed. Special attention is given to the analysis of characteristic features of the ontogenesis in Porifera. The book pursues three primary goals: 1) generalization of all existing information on individual development of sponges, its classification and a statement according to taxonomical structure of Porifera; 2) revealing of heterogeneity of morphogenesis and peculiarities of ontogeneses in various clades of Porifera, and also their correlations with the organization, both adult sponges, and their larvae; 3) revealing homology of morphogeneses in both Porifera and Eumetazoa, testifying to the general evolutionary roots of multicellular animals, and peculiar features of sponges' morphogeneses and ontogenesis. This book will be of interest to embryologists, zoologists, morphologists and researchers in evolutionary biology.

General embryology. Developmental biology --- Zoomorphology. Zooanatomy --- Zoology --- Water supply. Water treatment. Water pollution --- Hunting. Fishery. Aquaculture --- morfologie --- zoet water --- aquacultuur --- embryologie (biologie) --- water --- anatomie --- embryologie (geneeskunde) --- wetenschappen --- zoölogie --- zeeën --- dieren --- Oceans. Seas. Sea Link

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Muscle disease represents an important health threat to the general population. For thousands of years, a cure has been deemed extremely remote, if not impossible, for many relentless muscle diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The cloning of muscle disease genes and the prospect of introducing the normal gene to diseased muscle by gene therapy finally bring the hope of a cure. Tremendous progress has been made chasing the muscle gene therapy dream over the past two decades. Valuable information is scattered in the literature. This book represents the first compilation specifically dedicated to issues related to muscle gene therapy. It offers a much needed, up-to-date overview and perspective on the current strategies and status of muscle gene therapy. It covers the cutting edge development of a variety of fascinating strategies such as exon-skipping, AAV gene therapy, RNAi and stem cell approaches. With contributions from prominent investigators in the field, it provides a framework to translate bench science to clinical practice in the upcoming years. This book is a must-have for anyone who is interested in muscle gene therapy including established investigators, clinicians, post-doctoral fellows, graduate students, funding agencies, patients and their families and friends.

General embryology. Developmental biology --- Immunology. Immunopathology --- Human genetics --- Medical microbiology, virology, parasitology --- immunologie --- medische genetica --- genetica --- virologie --- embryologie (geneeskunde)

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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology is the newest installment in the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine series, to which it adeptly contributes as it offers a selection of carefully chosen topics so that the readers can understand recent advances in the field of the hematopoietic stem cells and hemato/lymphopoiesis. Each chapter is not a simple review of the topic, but rather an in-depth insight, which allows the reader to attain a multifaceted knowledgebase on hematopoietic stem cells. The chapters, which are authored by the leading experts in the field, cover characteristics of the hematopoietic stem cells at the cellular and molecular levels, offers details in regulatory mechanisms of differentiation mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cells to more mature blood cell, and discusses abnormal hematopoiesis that leads to leukemia. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology serves the inquiring minds of researchers, graduate students and post doctorate fellows as it expertly addresses the ever-growing field of hematopoietic stem cells and hemato/lymphopoiesis.

General embryology. Developmental biology --- Histology. Cytology --- Immunology. Immunopathology --- Pathological haematology --- immunologie --- leukemie --- hematologie --- cytologie --- embryologie (geneeskunde) --- histologie

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Neuroscience has long been focused on understanding neural plasticity in both development and adulthood. However, experimental work in this area has focused almost entirely on plasticity at excitatory synapses. A growing body of evidence suggests that plasticity at inhibitory GABAergic and glycinergic synapses is of critical importance during both development and aging. Only a few investigators have been engaged in research on how inhibitory circuits are formed during development or how they are involved in plasticity of developing sensory and motor circuitry. Developmental Plasticity of Inhibitory Circuitry approaches the subject of inhibitory plasticity from several levels of analysis, from synapses to circuits to systems to clinical, summarizing several possible mechanisms and collecting some of the most fascinating work in this under-studied area. It is meant to provide an overview for basic and clinical researchers and students interested in neural plasticity and to stimulate further research. About the Editor: Dr. Sarah L. Pallas is a Professor of Neuroscience and Biology at Georgia State University. She earned her Ph.D. in Neurobiology and Behavior at Cornell University, under the tutelage of Dr. Barbara Finlay. Her postdoctoral training was received at M.I.T. in the laboratory of Dr. Mriganka Sur. Her research concerns developmental neurobiology and sensory physiology, and in particular the role of sensory experience in the development and plasticity of neural circuits.

General embryology. Developmental biology --- Physiology of nerves and sense organs --- Physiotherapy. Alternative treatments --- Neuropathology --- neurologie --- hersenen --- revalidatie --- embryologie (geneeskunde) --- neurobiologie