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This paper uses the 1991 Indian trade liberalization to measure the impact of trade liberalization on poverty, and to examine the mechanisms underpinning this impact. Variation in sectoral composition across districts and liberalization intensity across production sectors allows a difference-in-difference approach. Rural districts, in which production sectors more exposed to liberalization were concentrated, experienced slower decline in poverty and lower consumption growth. The impact of liberalization was most pronounced among the least geographically mobile, at the bottom of the income distribution, and in Indian states where inflexible labor laws impeded factor reallocation across sectors.
Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Measurement and Analysis of Poverty --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Housing --- Infrastructure --- Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy --- Factor Movement --- Foreign Exchange Policy --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Poverty & precarity --- Labour --- income economics --- Tariffs --- Trade liberalization --- Poverty --- Labor --- Consumption --- Taxes --- International trade --- National accounts --- Tariff --- Commercial policy --- Labor economics --- Economics --- India
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This report presents the findings of an evaluation of the effectiveness of IMF interactions with its member countries during the period 2001-08, with special emphasis on 2007-08. It analyzes IMF interactions with its entire membership, broken down into three main country groups: advanced economies, emerging economies, and Poverty Reduction Growth Facility (PRGF)-eligible countries. The report comes at a critical juncture for the international monetary system, when the IMF has adopted a more flexible approach to lending and been given new responsibilities, as well as a major infusion of resources to help members deal with the global financial crisis. It highlights lessons learned from the evaluation that are most relevant to the tasks that lie ahead for the IMF.
Economic assistance --- Economic development --- Poverty --- International cooperation --- Evaluation. --- International cooperation. --- Government policy --- International Monetary Fund --- Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (International Monetary Fund) --- Developing countries --- Economic policy. --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- International Monetary Fund. --- PRGF --- Facilité de réduction de la pauvreté et de croissance (International Monetary Fund) --- FRPC --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Finance: General --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Financial Services --- Civics and Citizenship --- Economic Development --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Labor Economics: General --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Externalities --- Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: General --- Development Planning and Policy: General --- Civil service & public sector --- Labour --- income economics --- Finance --- Trade unions --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Civil society --- Financial sector --- Civil society organizations --- Financial Sector Assessment Program --- Economic sectors --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Spillovers --- Development policy --- Development --- Labor economics --- Financial services industry --- International finance --- Labor unions --- Economics --- United States
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