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Negative growth (Economics) --- Décroissance soutenable --- AA / International- internationaal --- 338.8 --- 331.04 --- Economische groei. --- Langdurige bewegingen. --- Décroissance soutenable --- Economic development --- Langdurige bewegingen --- Economische groei --- Développement économique --- Degrowth (Economics)

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Economics --- Economic development --- Depressions --- Negative growth (Economics) --- Sustainable development. --- Economie politique --- Développement économique --- Crises économiques --- Décroissance soutenable --- Développement durable --- Sociological aspects --- Aspect sociologique --- 614.7 --- 33 --- 338.92 --- milieu - leefmilieu - milieubeleid (zie ook 712) - duurzame ontwikkeling --- economie --- economische ontwikkelingspolitiek - economische expansie --- Développement économique --- Crises économiques --- Décroissance soutenable --- Développement durable

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The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is central to Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in Europe. Initiated by Germany in 1995 and adopted in 1997, it regulates the fiscal policies of European Union Member States. Following numerous violations of its deficit reference value, the Pact's Excessive Deficit Procedure was suspended in 2003. The decision to suspend was brought before the European Court of Justice in 2004 and the SGP then underwent painstaking reform in 2005. After a period of economic prosperity and falling budgetary deficits, the global economic crisis put the system under renewed stress. Ruling Europe presents a comprehensive analysis of the political history of the SGP as the cornerstone of EMU. It examines the SGP through different theoretical lenses, offering a fascinating study of European integration and institutional design. One cannot understand the Euro without first understanding the SGP.

Money. Monetary policy --- European Union --- Fiscal policy --- Monetary policy --- Politique fiscale --- Politique monétaire --- European Union countries --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Economic integration. --- Intégration économique --- Economic integration --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- 334.151.20 --- 331.31 --- 336.451 --- -339.5094 --- Ui1 --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Economische en monetaire unie van de Europese Gemeenschappen: algemeenheden. --- Economisch beleid. --- Begrotingsjaren en begrotingsstaten. Rijksmiddelenbegroting. Begrotingstekort. --- Politique monétaire --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Intégration économique --- 339.5094 --- Economisch beleid --- Economische en monetaire unie van de Europese Gemeenschappen: algemeenheden --- Begrotingsjaren en begrotingsstaten. Rijksmiddelenbegroting. Begrotingstekort --- Social Sciences --- Political Science --- Fiscal policy - European Union countries --- Monetary policy - European Union countries --- European Union countries - Economic integration --- Pacte de stabilité et de croissance (1997) --- Union économique et monétaire --- Stabilisation économique --- Développement économique

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This report presents the findings of an evaluation of the effectiveness of IMF interactions with its member countries during the period 2001-08, with special emphasis on 2007-08. It analyzes IMF interactions with its entire membership, broken down into three main country groups: advanced economies, emerging economies, and Poverty Reduction Growth Facility (PRGF)-eligible countries. The report comes at a critical juncture for the international monetary system, when the IMF has adopted a more flexible approach to lending and been given new responsibilities, as well as a major infusion of resources to help members deal with the global financial crisis. It highlights lessons learned from the evaluation that are most relevant to the tasks that lie ahead for the IMF.

Economic assistance --- Economic development --- Poverty --- International cooperation --- Evaluation. --- International cooperation. --- Government policy --- International Monetary Fund --- Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (International Monetary Fund) --- Developing countries --- Economic policy. --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- International Monetary Fund. --- PRGF --- Facilité de réduction de la pauvreté et de croissance (International Monetary Fund) --- FRPC --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Finance: General --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Financial Services --- Civics and Citizenship --- Economic Development --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Labor Economics: General --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Externalities --- Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: General --- Development Planning and Policy: General --- Civil service & public sector --- Labour --- income economics --- Finance --- Trade unions --- Development economics & emerging economies --- Civil society --- Financial sector --- Civil society organizations --- Financial Sector Assessment Program --- Economic sectors --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Spillovers --- Development policy --- Development --- Labor economics --- Financial services industry --- International finance --- Labor unions --- Economics --- United States --- Income economics

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This paper discusses key findings of the Third Review Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) for Togo. The PRGF-supported program remains on track despite the shocks. All quantitative and structural performance criteria through end-June 2009 were met. All targets for implementation of structural reforms were fulfilled through end-June; delays have developed for the second half of 2009 primarily owing to capacity constraints. The authorities have committed to completing key reforms in 2010 to strengthen public finances, restructure the banking system, and accelerate growth.

Poverty --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Competition --- Monetary policy --- Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (International Monetary Fund) --- International Monetary Fund --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Competition (Economics) --- Competitiveness (Economics) --- Economic competition --- Commerce --- Conglomerate corporations --- Covenants not to compete --- Industrial concentration --- Monopolies --- Open price system --- Supply and demand --- Trusts, Industrial --- Capital, Social (Economics) --- Economic infrastructure --- Social capital (Economics) --- Social infrastructure --- Social overhead capital --- Economic development --- Human settlements --- Public goods --- Public works --- Capital --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Economic aspects --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- International Monetary Fund. --- PRGF --- Facilité de réduction de la pauvreté et de croissance (International Monetary Fund) --- FRPC --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- Public Finance --- Social Services and Welfare --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Social welfare & social services --- Banking --- External debt --- Debt relief --- Arrears --- Public debt --- Debt sustainability analysis --- Asset and liability management --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Expenditures, Public --- Banks and banking --- Togo