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Droit européen et droit interne --- Collectivités locales --- Droit administratif --- Décentralisation administrative --- Marchés publics locaux --- Concessions (droit administratif) --- Partenariat public-privé --- Droit --- Pays de l'Union européenne

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The essays collected in this volume aim to provide the building-blocks of a learning-based understanding of the development of fundamental rights in the European Union. Instead of asking how much harmonization of fundamental rights is required at EU level or whether fundamental rights should rather be protected at domestic level, it acknowledges that even when it is desirable, harmonization may be in many cases politically unrealistic to achieve; that it may presume too much about our ability to identify how best to implement fundamental rights; and that the required legal bases may be missing. It also notes that we have currently no mechanism allowing us to identify, on a more or less systematic basis, the need for the Union to take action in this field. A learning-based understanding of the development of fundamental rights takes seriously these limitations which the fundamental rights policy of the EU is currently facing. This redefinition moves from substance to procedure: since there is uncertainty about how to improve the protection of fundamental rights (beyond the minimum requirement not to violate them), a fundamental rights policy should be about devising adequate mechanisms for the constant testing of the policies pursued in different settings, in order to arrive at a better understanding of how to best achieve their objectives. Reflexive governance, these essays argue, may represent one way of thinking about how to address this challenge. This hypothesis is tested in three policy areas: equality of treatment, data protection, and the establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice. The essays collected in this volume do not form a blueprint for the further improvement of the regime of fundamental rights protection in the EU. Rather, they identify a blindspot: the lack of a principled way of reconciling the protection of fundamental rights within each EU Member State, with the establishment between these States of an internal market and of an area of freedom, security and justice. And they explore the potential of non-judicial means of ensuring the protection and promotion of fundamental rights, particularly through techniques – mutual evaluation mechanisms, the use of indicators and benchmarks, and participatory processes – inspired by existing ‘open’ forms of coordination between the Member States. These techniques allow us to shift from the post hoc, reactive modes of protection of fundamental rights, to more ex ante, proactive methods of protection. Fundamental rights are a concern of the EU institutions since well over thirty years, and a number of tools, both legislative and judicial, have been deployed in order to ensure that the progress of European integration shall not lead to lower the level of protection of rights in the EU. It is time that fundamental rights become more than that, however – it is time that they become a policy. But such a fundamental rights policy for the EU must be respectful of the diversity of approaches within the EU, and it must acknowledge that, in many domains, we simply do not know how best to ensure the fulfilment of fundamental rights. It must therefore be conceived as a policy which encourages collective learning, and permanent re-evaluation of earlier choices in the light of new circumstances. It is in this direction that this volume seeks to move the debate. The Authors This volume has been edited by Olivier De Schutter and Violeta Moreno Lax, both from the Centre for Legal Philosophy (CPDR) at the University of Louvain (UCL). The contributors are Catherine Barnard (Cambridge), Olivier De Schutter (Louvain), Serge Gutwirth (Brussels), Rick Lawson (Leiden), Manfred Nowak (Wien), Yves Poullet (Namur), Veerle Van Den Eeckhout (Leiden), and Viktoria Wagner (Wien).

Human rights --- Administrative law --- European law --- European Union --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Droits de l'homme --- Droits de la personne --- Droits fondamentaux --- Droits individuels --- Grondrechten --- Libertés publiques --- Mensenrechten --- Rechten van de mens --- Rights [Human ] --- Rights of man --- Civil rights --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- BPB1104 --- Union européenne --- Europese unie --- Droits de l'homme (droit européen) --- Défense des droits de l'homme --- Gouvernance --- Droit européen et droit interne --- Et les droits de l'homme --- Cour européenne des droits de l'homme --- Direitos humanos --- Droits de l'Homme --- Menschenrechte --- Views on civil rights --- Human rights advocacy --- European Union countries --- Droit européen et droit interne. --- Europese Unie --- Europska unija --- União Europeia --- Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση --- Európska únia --- Európai Unió --- Europäische Union --- Europos Sąjunga --- Evropská unie --- Европска унија --- Unjoni Ewropea --- Европейски съюз --- Europeiska unionen --- Euroopan unioni --- Eiropas Savienība --- Unión Europea --- Evropska unija --- Unia Europejska --- Unione europea --- Uniunea Europeană --- Den Europæiske Union --- Европска Унија --- Euroopa Liit --- an tAontas Eorpach --- Bashkimi Europian --- Sąjungos institucija --- Sąjungos teisė --- právo Únie --- νόμος της Ένωσης --- Savienības tiesības --- wet van de Unie --- legge dell'Unione --- Europæisk Union --- unionslagstiftning --- atto dell'Unione --- AE --- loi de l'Union --- EU --- e drejta e Bashkimit --- ЕУ --- lege a Uniunii Europene --- Union law --- človekove pravice --- derechos humanos --- ľudské práva --- prawa człowieka --- ljudska prava --- δικαιώματα του ανθρώπου --- човешки права --- human rights --- inimõigused --- cilvēktiesības --- rechten van de mens --- lidská práva --- cearta an duine --- ihmisoikeudet --- direitos humanos --- људска права --- emberi jogok --- menneskerettigheder --- човекови права --- drittijiet tal-bniedem --- mänskliga rättigheter --- žmogaus teisės --- të drejtat e njeriut --- diritti umani --- drepturile omului --- kršenje ljudskih prava --- Verletzung der Menschenrechte --- diritti fondamentali dell'uomo --- Verteidigung der Menschenrechte --- nezadatelná práva --- ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα --- nepromlčitelná práva --- pasikėsinimas į žmogaus teises --- фундаментални слободи и права на човекот и граѓанинот --- zaštita ljudskih prava --- porušování lidských práv --- atentado a los derechos humanos --- Schutz der Menschenrechte --- mbrojtje e të drejtave të njeriut --- krænkelse af menneskerettighederne --- cilvēktiesību apdraudējums --- παραβίαση των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- violarea drepturilor omului --- aantasting van de rechten van de mens --- porušenie ľudských práv --- Beeinträchtigung der Menschenrechte --- mensenrechten --- emberi jogok védelme --- emberi jogok megsértése --- kränkning av mänskliga rättigheter --- atteinte aux droits de l'homme --- útok na ľudské práva --- ihmisoikeusloukkaus --- προσβολή των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- attack on human rights --- protección de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību aizsardzība --- bescherming van de rechten van de mens --- salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo --- proteção dos direitos humanos --- tilsidesættelse af menneskerettighederne --- ihmisoikeuksien suojelu --- protezione dei diritti umani --- Конвенција за заштита на човековите права и основните слободи --- skydd av mänskliga rättigheter --- violación de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību pārkāpums --- ochrana ľudských práv --- žmogaus teisių apsauga --- ihmisoikeuksien uhkaaminen --- prava čovjeka --- derechos del hombre --- rispetto dei diritti dell'uomo --- schending van de rechten van de mens --- inimõiguste kaitse --- protecția drepturilor omului --- shkelje e të drejtave të njeriut --- violação dos direitos humanos --- brott mot mänskliga rättigheter --- beskyttelse af menneskerettigheder --- ochrana lidských práv --- inimõiguste ohustamine --- violation des droits de l'homme --- повреда на граѓанските права --- cenim i të drejtave të njeriut --- žmogaus teisių pažeidimas --- cilvēka pamattiesības --- граѓански слободи и права --- προστασία των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- ofensa aos direitos humanos --- заштита на правата и слободите на граѓаните --- кршење на човековите права --- human rights violation --- violazione dei diritti umani --- protection of human rights --- inimõiguste rikkumine --- reato contro i diritti dell'uomo --- protection des droits de l'homme --- Et les droits de l'homme. --- Civil rights - European Union countries --- Human rights - European Union countries --- Union européenne