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Language and languages --- Linguistics. --- Variation. --- Variation --- Language and languages - Variation

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Verben treten in einer Vielzahl von Bedeutungen und syntaktischen Konstruktionen auf. Das stellt sowohl lexikalistische Grammatikmodelle als auch die Valenzlexikographie vor das Problem, Identitätsbedingungen für Lexikoneinheiten mit identischer morphophonologischer Form (Verbvarianten) festlegen zu müssen. Prinzipiell können inhaltsbasierte und formbasierte Kriterien der Abgrenzung von Lexikoneinheiten herangezogen werden. In dieser Arbeit werden die Vorteile des formbasierten Abgrenzungsverfahrens hervorgehoben, wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf Modellen innerhalb einer harrisschen Sprachkonzeption liegt. Der theoretische Status der abgegrenzten Verbvarianten wird im wissenschaftstheoretischen Teil der Arbeit thematisiert. Es wird die These vertreten, dass in (Valenz-)Wörterbüchern Konventionen, so wie sie im common knowledge einer Sprechergemeinschaft existieren, anhand theoretischer Kriterien expliziert und systematisiert werden. Im Mittelpunkt der Argumentation stehen die Begriffe 'Normativität' und 'Intersubjektivität'. Außerdem werden repräsentationistische und instrumentalistische Konzeptionen der Bedeutung sprachlicher Ausdrücke miteinander verglichen.

Grammaire de dépendance --- Variation linguistique --- Rection --- Verbe

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Au cours de ses 35 années comme professeure de sociolinguistique à l’Université Laval, Denise Deshaies a apporté une contribution essentielle au développement de la recherche sur le français québécois. Une dizaine de chercheurs, anciens étudiants ou collaborateurs, lui rendent hommage en lui offrant des textes inédits sur des thèmes qui reflètent le large champ de recherche qu’elle a exploré au long de sa carrière : la variation dans le système pronominal du français (Julie Auger et Anne-José Villeneuve), le français utilisé dans les médias (Guylaine Martel, Kristin Reinke, Lucie Ménard et Caroline Émond ; Wim Remysen), l’impact des changements sociaux sur les pratiques langagières (Diane Vincent et Sarha Lambert), la variation dans la langue des adolescents (Raymond Mougeon, Katherine Rehner et Terry Nadasdi), la sociophonétique et l’acoustique (Vincent Arnaud).

French language --- Variation. --- Dialects --- Discourse analysis.

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William Bateson (1861-1926) began his academic career working on variation in animals in the light of evolutionary theory. He was inspired by the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work on plant hybridisation to pursue further experimental work in what he named 'genetics'. He realised that Mendel's results could help to solve difficult biological questions and controversies which others had glossed over, and to challenge assumptions underlying evolution as it was understood at the time. After two years as Professor of Biology at Cambridge he left in 1910 to become Director of the newly founded John Innes Institute. Bateson's argumentative personality and unorthodox approach did not make him popular, and his reputation declined after his death. Was Bateson misunderstood? Was evolution misunderstood? This 1928 volume includes a substantial memoir by Bateson's wife.

Naturalists --- Variation (Biology) --- Genetics. --- Bateson, William,

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Differentiation and speciation without extended isolation appear to be common among migratory animals. Historical oversight of this is probably due to temporal distortion in distribution maps and a tendency to consider that lineages had different historical traits, such as being sedentary or much less mobile. Mobility among cyclic migrants makes population isolation difficult, and diminished levels of intraspecific differentiation occur in avian migrants (I term this "Montgomery's rule"). Nevertheless, many lineages have differentiated despite increased mobility and a high propensity for gene flow, conditions that speciation theory has not addressed adequately. Populations of seasonal migrants usually occur in allopatry and sympatry during a migratory cycle, and this distributional pattern (heteropatry) is the focus of a model empirically developed to explain differentiation in migratory lineages. Divergence arises through disruptive selection from resource competition and heterogeneously distributed cyclic resources. Heteropatric speciation is a type of ecological speciation in which reproductive isolation increases between populations as a byproduct of adaptation to different environments that enhances breeding allopatry and allochrony despite degrees of sympatry that occur during the nonbreeding period in migration cycles. Mating or pair bonding in nonbreeding areas is rare. Patterns such as leapfrog migration and limited morphological divergence suggest that differentiation is driven by these ecological factors rather than by sexual selection or nontemporal changes in the resource base itself, although the additional presence of either of the latter would have additive divergent effects. Migratory lineages provide a largely neglected series of natural experiments in speciation in which to test predictions stemming from this model and others focusing on ecological speciation --

Migratory animals --- Migratory animals --- Evolution. --- Variation.