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A Tour through Mathematical Logic provides a tour through the main branches of the foundations of mathematics. It contains chapters covering elementary logic, basic set theory, recursion theory, Gödel's (and others') incompleteness theorems, model theory, independence results in set theory, nonstandard analysis, and constructive mathematics. In addition, this monograph discusses several topics not normally found in books of this type, such a fuzzy logic, nonmonotonic logic, and complexity theory.

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Climate policy is complicated by the considerable compounded uncertainties over the costs and benefits of abatement. We don't even know the probability distributions for future temperatures and impacts, making cost-benefit analysis based on expected values challenging to say the least. There are good reasons to think that those probability distributions are fat-tailed, which implies that if social welfare is based on the expectation of a CRRA utility function, we should be willing to sacrifice close to 100% of GDP to reduce GHG emissions. I argue that unbounded marginal utility makes little sense, and once we put a bound on marginal utility, this implication of fat tails goes away: Expected marginal utility will be finite even if the distribution for outcomes is fat-tailed. Furthermore, depending on the bound on marginal utility, the index of risk aversion, and the damage function, a thin-tailed distribution can yield a higher expected marginal utility (and thus a greater willingness to pay for abatement) than a fat-tailed one.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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In 1974 India joined the elite roster of nuclear world powers when it exploded its first nuclear bomb. But the technological progress that facilitated that feat was set in motion many decades before, as India sought both independence from the British and respect from the larger world. Over the course of the twentieth century, India metamorphosed from a marginal place to a serious hub of technological and scientific innovation. It is this tale of transformation that Robert S. Anderson recounts in Nucleus and Nation. Tracing the long institutional and individual preparations for India's first nuclear test and its consequences, Anderson begins with the careers of India's renowned scientists-Meghnad Saha, Shanti Bhatnagar, Homi Bhabha, and their patron Jawaharlal Nehru-in the first half of the twentieth century before focusing on the evolution of the large and complex scientific community-especially Vikram Sarabhi-in the later part of the era. By contextualizing Indian debates over nuclear power within the larger conversation about modernization and industrialization, Anderson hones in on the thorny issue of the integration of science into the framework and self-reliant ideals of Indian nationalism. In this way, Nucleus and Nation is more than a history of nuclear science and engineering and the Indian Atomic Energy Commission; it is a unique perspective on the history of Indian nationhood and the politics of its scientific community.

Science --- Nuclear industry --- History --- History --- Saha, Meghnad, --- Bhatnagar, Shanti Swarupa, --- Bhabha, Homi Jehangir, --- nuclear bomb, india, science, colonialism, independence, nation, innovation, jawaharlal nehru, homi bhabha, shanti bhatnagar, meghnad saha, scientific community, vikram sarabhi, modernization, industrialization, nationalism, nationhood, bangalore affair, power, csir, indian atomic energy committee, bombay, calcutta, parliament, debate, nonfiction, history, biography, indira gandhi, technology, policy, self-reliance, space, electronics.