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The exodus of refugees from Nazi Germany in the 1930s has received far more attention from historians, social scientists, and demographers than many other migrations and persecutions in Europe. However, as a result of the overwhelming attention that has been given to the Holocaust within the historiography of Europe and the Second World War, the issues surrounding the flight of people from Nazi Germany prior to 1939 have been seen as Vorgeschichte (pre-history), implicating the Western European democracies and the United States as bystanders only in the impending tragedy. Based on a comparativ

Migration. Refugees --- History of Europe --- anno 1930-1939 --- Jewish refugees --- Refugees --- Réfugiés juifs --- Réfugiés --- History --- Government policy --- Histoire --- Politique gouvernementale --- Germany --- Europe, Western --- Allemagne --- Europe de l'Ouest --- Emigration and immigration --- Emigration et immigration --- Réfugiés juifs --- Réfugiés --- Displaced persons --- Persons --- Refugees, Jewish --- Jews --- Migrations --- West Europe --- Western Europe --- Victimes du national-socialisme --- 1900-1945 --- Politique publique --- États-Unis --- Émigration et immigration --- 1933-1945 --- Émigration et immigration --- États-Unis

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World history

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Although R and D is one of the core activities of pharmaceutical companies, they are increasingly internationalizing their R and D process. The main drivers for this internationalization tendency are the desire to access technology and markets, the patent expiration problem linked with the lengthy development process of drugs, the improvement of the IPR protection in developing countries and the aim to increase the R and D productivity and decrease the R and D cost. When deciding where to locate their R and D activities, pharmaceutical firms attach great importance to the quality of the input and of the expected output, the general operating efficiency and the R and D-external factors. This leads to pharmaceutical companies setting up R and D facilities in the Triad region and in major regional centers in Asia. Furthermore, this thesis will examine the R and D internationalization of Novartis and Pfizer, focusing on their R and D organization, product development pipeline, basic and applied research locations and collaboration with universities. First of all, it will be shown that Novartis has a higher R and D performance than Pfizer, while spending less money on R and D. Secondly, it will become clear that both companies indeed establish most of their R and D facilities in Europe and the United States. Finally, a high degree of collaboration with universities for both companies will be demonstrated.

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