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Since 1999, test methods for freezing conditions, including ice and snow, have been refined by the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society and IEEE Power and Energy Society Task Forces on insulator icing. In this guide, the discussion is consolidated, and specific, appropriate, and reproducible test methods for selecting adequate insulators are recommended. Test methods for substation and line insulators at distribution and transmission voltage levels are included in the scope. Special measures to reproduce the environmental and insulator parameters that influence the risk of flashover in freezing conditions are detailed in the test methods. Statistical methods are also recommended to assist in the insulator selection process. Keywords: cold fog, contamination, high-voltage testing, ice, icing, insulators, salt fog, snow.

Insulators, Topological.

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Topological graph theory

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Topological degree. --- Mappings (Mathematics)

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The use of topological ideas to explore various aspects of graph theory, and vice versa, is a fruitful area of research. There are links with other areas of mathematics, such as design theory and geometry, and increasingly with such areas as computer networks where symmetry is an important feature. Other books cover portions of the material here, but there are no other books with such a wide scope. This book contains fifteen expository chapters written by acknowledged international experts in the field. Their well-written contributions have been carefully edited to enhance readability and to standardize the chapter structure, terminology and notation throughout the book. To help the reader, there is an extensive introductory chapter that covers the basic background material in graph theory and the topology of surfaces. Each chapter concludes with an extensive list of references.

Topological graph theory.

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Geometry, Differential. --- Topological manifolds. --- Riemannian manifolds.