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This book provides the reader with an overview of the World Health Organization, the key organization for international health cooperation. The World Health Organization (WHO), as the United Nations specialized agency for health, has been at the centre of international health cooperation for over sixty years. With origins dating from the nineteenth century, WHO’s mandate is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health. The huge challenge of fulfilling this objective has not only required high-level technical skills, but has led the organization to engage with a broad range of political and economic interests. WHO has enjoyed many high-profile successes such as the global eradication of smallpox and SARS, and ongoing campaigns against polio and other diseases. On other issues, such as essential drugs, tobacco control and diet and nutrition, efforts to tackle the broader determinants of health has brought the organization into contact with issues such as globalization, poverty, social justice and human rights. Kelley Lee analyzes the WHO’s role in international cooperation, examining its changing structures, key programmes and individuals. Of particular focus are the challenges WHO has faced in recent years given the emergence of other global health initiatives and how WHO has sought to remain effective as the "world’s health conscience" within an increasingly complex global context. (Provided by publisher)

International Agencies --- Global Health --- History, 20th Century --- History, 21st Century --- International Agencies --- International Cooperation --- history --- World Health Organization. --- World Health Organization --- World Health Organization. --- History.

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Main pharmaceutical policy goals in Ghana are access to essential medicines for everybody, quality assurance for all drugs on the market, a functioning and efficient supply chain as well as rational use of medicines by professionals and patients. There is also a commitment to strengthen the domestic pharmaceutical industry, outlined under health industry in the national health policy. The National Health Insurance System (NHIS) has significantly improved access to medicines for insured patients, measured in increased utilization of facilities and rapidly growing turnover of revolving drug funds. The risk is now that non-rational prescribing and fraud lead to a growing medicine bill that threatens financial sustainability of NHIS. On the other hand, National Health Insurance Authority (NHIA) has the resources and purchasing power to influence provider behavior as well as the market in terms of quality and price. The purpose of this policy note is to provide a compact overview of the situation, trends and opportunities in the pharmaceutical sector in Ghana as relevant to the strategic objectives in the five year program of work. It summarizes data from a number of recent studies and reports that were done by a range of partners inside and outside the country as well as discussions with key stakeholders in the sector. The intent is to give decision makers up-to-date background information and provide some suggestions for specific policy initiatives designed to achieve the work program objectives, with a particular focus on the role health insurance can play to stabilize and improve service delivery, increase access to quality medicines and promote rational use. The overall legal framework for the pharmaceutical sector is set by the Food and Drugs Law from 1992, amended by Act 523 in 1996. It defines the role of the food and drugs board as separate entity under control of the Ministry of Health (MOH), responsible for regulating the sector. The Food and Drugs Board (FDB) also runs the official drug quality control laboratory that is in charge of testing quality samples obtained from manufacturers, importers, distributors or other sources. The FDB is also working on an improvement of its public website in an effort to strengthen communication with the general public to increase transparency and improve governance.

Accountability --- Antibiotics --- Bidding --- Capital Markets --- Clinical Trials --- Corruption --- Counterfeit Drugs --- Decentralization --- Decision Making --- Developing Countries --- Drugs --- Emergency Care --- Expenditures --- Fraud --- Health Insurance --- Health Law --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Policy --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Law and Development --- Legal Framework --- Low-Income Countries --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Malaria --- Midwives --- Pharmaceutical Industry --- Pharmaceuticals --- Pharmaceuticals & Pharmacoeconomics --- Physicians --- Population Policies --- Public Health --- Purchasing Power --- Quality Assurance --- Quality Control --- Regulatory Agencies --- Respect --- Technical Assistance --- Urban Areas --- Workers --- World Health Organization

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This report is a part of larger welfare and social policy work agenda which the Turkish State Planning Organization and the World Bank are carrying out collaboratively. The work agenda includes the preparation of a number of conceptualized, and in part of co-authored, analytical studies on topics ranging from examines the equity determinants to investigating the links between poverty, employment creation, and growth. Further, the work agenda comprises a number of human development dialogues for which we are inviting international experts and practioners to share their experiences about social policy reforms with the Turkish government and the wider academic and non-governmental public. This report examines life chances. Life chances for today Turkish people, most importantly future generation, today's children. The results presented in this report show that life chances differ in important dimensions today, and that Turkey could immensely improve its human and economic development potential by maximizing such opportunities.

Access to Information --- Adult Education --- Child Care --- Child Development --- Child Health --- Cognitive Development --- Development Policy --- Disadvantaged Groups --- Discrimination --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Early Childhood --- Early Childhood Development --- Early Childhood Education --- Economic Development --- Education --- Educational Attainment --- Enrollment Rates --- Family Health --- Fertility --- Gender --- Gross Domestic Product --- Health Insurance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Income --- Human Capital --- Hygiene --- Immunizations --- Infrastructure Investment --- International Comparisons --- Iodine Deficiency --- Life Expectancy --- Lifelong Learning --- Living Standards --- Market Economy --- Mental Health --- Migration --- Mortality --- Nutrition --- Orphans --- Participation Rates --- Pregnancy --- Preschool Programs --- Primary Education --- Productivity --- Public Policy --- Reading --- Respect --- Returns to Education --- Sanitation --- School Attendance --- Social Development --- Stunting --- Teacher Salaries --- Urban Areas --- User Fees --- World Health Organization

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The Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) for Timor-Leste identifies environmental priorities through a systematic review of environmental issues in natural resources management and environmental health in the context of the country's economic development and environmental institutions. Lack of data has been the main limitation in presenting a more rigorous analysis. Nevertheless, the report builds on the best available secondary data, presents new data on the country's wealth composition, and derives new results on the costs of water and air pollution. The CEA calls for urgent attention to gaps in the environmental management framework, the lack of capacity to implement the few regulations in place, and the high cost of indoor air pollution and poor water, sanitation, and hygiene. Timor-Leste is a young country that regained independence in 2002, and it has emerged from a bitter past burdened by colonialism and violent conflicts. It is still a fragile state facing enormous challenges. The report also points out the lack of clean water, appropriate sanitation, and hygiene as an environmental priority. The CEA estimates that this imposes an economic cost of about USD 17 million per year by way of illness and premature death. The CEA also looks at outdoor air pollution and at natural resource management for land, forestry, and coastal and marine resources. Outdoor air pollution is not a serious problem for the time being, but it could become so in the long run if the economy grows rapidly, urbanization continues, heavy industry emerges, and motorization increases rapidly. This underlines the need for good forward territorial and development planning. In conclusion, much good work has already been done to enhance the quality of the environment in Timor-Leste. Efforts are under way to improve the data base for environmental management.

Adaptation to Climate Change --- Air Pollution --- Air Quality --- Air Quality & Clean Air --- Alternative Energy --- Aquifers --- Biodiversity --- Cancer --- Child Mortality --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coal --- Coral Reefs --- Deforestation --- Desertification --- Developing Countries --- Drinking Water --- Economic Development --- Electricity --- Emissions --- Energy Policy --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental Policy --- Fertility --- Food Security --- Forests --- Fuels --- Greenhouse Gases --- Gross Domestic Product --- Gross National Income --- Groundwater --- Human Capital --- Indoor Air Pollution --- Industrial Emissions --- International Cooperation --- Land Tenure --- Logging --- Low-Income Countries --- Market Economy --- Meat --- Migration --- Millennium Development Goals --- Mortality --- Natural Gas --- Natural Resources --- Natural Resources Management --- Particulate Matter --- Pesticides --- Population Growth --- Power Plants --- Property Rights --- Public Hearings --- Rainfall --- Renewable Energy --- Rural Development --- Rural Population --- Sanitation --- Soil Erosion --- Stationary Sources --- Streams --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Urban Population --- Urbanization --- User Fees --- Waste Management --- Water Resources Management --- World Health Organization

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1. Les origines du droit de la santé - 2. L'action de la communauté internationale à travers l'O.M.S. - 3. L'accès aux médicaments - 4. L'accès aux soins - 5. Le commerce international ou la santé? - 6. La protection de la santé et de la sécurité des consommateurs - 7. La santé environnementale - 8. La santé et la guerre

Public law. Constitutional law --- gezondheidszorg --- International law --- Droit international de la santé --- Droit international de la santé publique --- International public health laws --- International sanitary regulations --- Public health laws [International ] --- Régime sanitaire international --- Réglementation sanitaire internationale --- Santé publique (Droit international) --- Santé publique [Droit international de la ] --- Santé publique--Droit international --- Volksgezondheid--Recht en wetgeving [Internationale ] --- World health--Law and legislation --- Public health laws, International --- Food supply --- Food handling --- Santé publique --- Aliments --- Hygiène alimentaire --- Droit international --- Approvisionnement --- World Health Organization --- BPB0911 --- Législation sanitaire --- Sécurité alimentaire --- Gezondheidswetgeving --- Voedselveiligheid --- Internationaal recht --- Santé publique --- Hygiène alimentaire --- World health --- Food law and legislation --- Law and legislation --- World Health Organization. --- Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie --- World health organization --- Public health --- International cooperation --- WHO. --- potravinové zabezpečení --- toiduga kindlustatus --- pārtikas nodrošinājums --- sigurnost opskrbe hranom --- sigurtà tal-ikel --- securitate alimentară --- voedselzekerheid --- prehranska varnost --- Ernährungssicherheit --- élelmezésbiztonság --- безбедност на храна --- potravinová bezpečnosť --- seguridad alimentaria --- bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe --- fødevareforsyningssikkerhed --- slándáil bia --- aprūpinimo maistu saugumas --- sicurezza alimentare --- продоволствена сигурност --- food security --- επισιτιστική ασφάλεια --- segurança alimentar --- ruokaturva --- livsmedelstrygghet --- nedostatek potravin --- az élelmiszerellátás stabilitása --- disponibilidade de alimentos --- fødevareudnyttelse --- stabilnost opskrbe hranom --- inseguridad alimentaria --- utilización de los alimentos --- zapewnienie dostępu do żywności --- utilização dos alimentos --- piekļuve pārtikai --- Zugang zu Nahrungsmitteln --- pārtikas trūkums --- Verfügbarkeit von Nahrungsmitteln --- Stabilität der Nahrungsmittelversorgung --- elintarvikkeiden käyttö --- apsirūpinimas maistu --- élelmiszerek felhasználása --- stabilnost preskrbe s hrano --- az élelmiszer-ellátás bizonytalansága --- użu tal-ikel --- voedselonzekerheid --- stabilitatea aprovizionării cu alimente --- stabilus maisto tiekimas --- insegurança alimentar --- stabilità dell'approvvigionamento alimentare --- élelmiszer-hasznosítás --- ruoan saatavuus --- stabilita dodávek potravin --- využívanie potravín --- продоволствена несигурност --- insécurité alimentaire --- stabilność dostaw żywności --- disponibbiltà tal-ikel --- prístup k potravinám --- zabezpečení potravin --- razpoložljivost hrane --- potravinová neistota --- bizonytalan élelmiszer-ellátás --- sécurité alimentaire quantitative --- insecuritate alimentară --- az élelmiszerhez való hozzáférés --- fødevareusikkerhed --- food insecurity --- stabilność zaopatrzenia w żywność --- stabilité de l’approvisionnement alimentaire --- nuqqas ta’ sigurtà tal-ikel --- elintarvikeketjun vakaus --- aprūpinimas maistu --- fødevaretilgængelighed --- zanesljiva preskrba s hrano --- aċċess għall-ikel --- suffisance alimentaire --- pārtikas nodrošinājuma trūkums --- pārtikas lietošana --- stabbiltà tal-provvista tal-ikel --- disponibilidad de alimentos --- access to food --- πρόσβαση σε τρόφιμα --- élelmiszer-hozzáférés --- disponibilité alimentaire --- acces la alimente --- dostęp do żywności --- pārtikas izmantošana --- disponibilitatea alimentelor --- nepietiekams pārtikas nodrošinājums --- accesso al cibo --- neustrezna prehranska varnost --- utilizarea alimentelor --- varnost preskrbe s hrano --- estabilidad del abastecimiento en alimentos --- stability of food supply --- dostupnost hrane --- pārtikas apgādes stabilitāte --- επισιτιστική ανασφάλεια --- χρήση τροφίμων --- brak bezpieczeństwa żywnościowego --- estabilidade do abastecimento alimentar --- dostępność żywności --- beschikbaarheid van voedsel --- stabilita dodávok potravín --- elintarvikkeiden saatavuus --- izkoristek hrane --- използване на храните --- elintarviketurva --- élelmiszerekhez való hozzáférés --- slándáil an tsoláthair bia --- pārtikas pieejamība --- nesigurnost opskrbe hranom --- zajištění potravin --- tápanyag-felhasználás --- σταθερότητα του εφοδιασμού με τρόφιμα --- insicurezza alimentare --- puutteellinen elintarviketurva --- dostop do hrane --- διαθεσιμότητα τροφίμων --- wykorzystanie żywności --- acesso a alimentos --- přístup k potravinám --- élelemhez való hozzáférés --- food utilisation --- suficiência alimentar --- sufficienza alimentare --- toidujulgeolek --- достъп до храна --- pristup hrani --- toegang tot voedsel --- стабилност на снабдяването с храни --- pārtikas nepietiekamība --- dostupnosť potravín --- az élelmiszer rendelkezésre állása --- disponibilità di cibo --- puutteellinen ruokaturva --- stabiliteit van de voedselvoorziening --- stabilitet af fødevareforsyning --- adgang til fødevarer --- manglende fødevaresikkerhed --- food availability --- наличност на храна --- tryggad livsmedelsförsörjning --- dostupnost potravin --- upotreba hrane --- Lebensmittelverwendung --- acceso a los alimentos --- prawo sanitarne --- gezondheidswetgeving --- Gesundheitsrecht --- legislazione sanitaria --- zdravstveno zakonodavstvo --- υγειονομική νομοθεσία --- zdravstvena zakonodaja --- tervishoiuseadusandlus --- hälsolagstiftning --- sveikatos sistemos įstatymai --- zdravotnícka legislatíva --- legjislacioni për shëndetësinë --- leġiżlazzjoni tas-saħħa --- здравно законодателство --- legislație sanitară --- sundhedslovgivning --- legislación sanitaria --- egészségügyi jogszabályok --- tiesību akti veselības aizsardzības jomā --- здравствено законодавство --- legislação sanitária --- health legislation --- zdravotnická legislativa --- terveydenhoitolainsäädäntö --- zdravstveni propis --- gezondheidsregels --- sundhedsnorm --- veselības aizsardzības noteikumi --- health standard --- norme sanitaire --- standardet e shëndetit --- norma sanitaria --- tervishoiueeskirjad --- zdravotnické normy --- Hygienevorschrift --- health regulations --- réglementation sanitaire --- υγειονομικές ρυθμίσεις --- hälsobestämmelser --- υγειονομικοί κανόνες --- zdravstveni pravilnik --- zdravotnícke predpisy --- Gesundheitsvorschrift --- veselības aizsardzības standarts --- hälsonormer --- zákony o zdraví --- terveydenhoitoa koskevat säädökset --- tervishoiustandard --- zdravotnícka norma --- norma sanitária --- gezondheidsnorm --- regolamentazione sanitaria --- normativa sanitaria --- sveikatos standartas --- reglamentación sanitaria --- egészségügyi előírások --- sveikatos sistemos taisyklės --- terveysnormit --- zdravotnické předpisy --- reglementări sanitare --- gezondheidsvoorschriften --- regulamentação sanitária --- rregullore për shëndetin --- hygienické předpisy --- norme sanitare --- zdravstveni standard --- sundhedsbestemmelser --- међународно право --- kansainvälinen oikeus --- nemzetközi jog --- международно право --- internationaal recht --- rahvusvaheline õigus --- tarptautinė teisė --- direito internacional --- international ret --- διεθνές δίκαιο --- dritt internazzjonali --- internationales Recht --- меѓународно право --- međunarodno pravo --- international law --- internationell rätt --- diritto internazionale --- prawo międzynarodowe --- e drejtë ndërkombëtare --- Derecho internacional --- drept internațional --- medzinárodné právo --- mednarodno pravo --- starptautisko tiesību akti --- mezinárodní právo --- меѓународно процесно право --- меѓународна постапка --- internationale procedure --- меѓународни судови --- starptautiskās tiesības --- starptautisko tiesību normas --- procedura internazionale --- меѓународни договори --- internationales Prozessrecht --- internationales Prozeßrecht --- reachtaíocht sláinte --- dlí idirnáisiúnta --- slándáil bhia --- Droit médical --- Sécurité alimentaire --- Législation sanitaire --- Organisation mondiale de la santé --- Droit à la santé --- Accès aux médicaments --- Accès aux soins --- Consommateurs --- Bioterrorisme --- Lutte antitabac --- Principe de précaution --- Eau --- Atmosphère --- Protection --- Pollution