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Representations of treachery in medieval and early modern Spain. Treacherous Foundations is the first sustained study of the theme of treachery in the founding myths of the Iberian Peninsula. It considers literary versions, in epic, chronicle and theatre, of the legends of Fernán González, Bernardo del Carpio and King Sancho II from medieval and early modern Spain and compares the representation of treachery across two critical periods in Spanish history, assessing its political, ideological, and cultural function. This book explores the role played by representations of treachery in foundational texts in highlighting the ideological tensions that arise from movements toward the creation of collective identities. It discusses in particular visions of nationhood and the monarchical state in the thirteenth and late sixteenth centuries. The theme of treachery is expanded to cover all aspects of treason and political disloyalty and, engaging with loyalty, trust and the nature of kingship, the volume sheds new light on aspects of Spanish cultural and political history, and provides insight into the nature of myth and collective memory, historical change and the collective response to crisis. GERALDINE COATES lectures in Medieval Spanish Literature at the University of Oxford.

Spanish literature --- Betrayal in literature. --- History and criticism. --- Founding Myths. --- Generational Differences. --- Global Vision. --- Iberian Peninsula. --- Medieval Spain. --- Political Ideologies. --- Thematic Concerns. --- Treachery.

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Adaptive radiation, which results when a single ancestral species gives rise to many descendants, each adapted to a different part of the environment, is possibly the single most important source of biological diversity in the living world. One of the best-studied examples involves Caribbean Anolis lizards. With about 400 species, Anolis has played an important role in the development of ecological theory and has become a model system exemplifying the integration of ecological, evolutionary, and behavioral studies to understand evolutionary diversification. This major work, written by one of the best-known investigators of Anolis, reviews and synthesizes an immense literature. Jonathan B. Losos illustrates how different scientific approaches to the questions of adaptation and diversification can be integrated and examines evolutionary and ecological questions of interest to a broad range of biologists.

Anoles --- Anolis --- Polychrotidae --- Adaptation. --- Ecology. --- Evolution. --- adaptation. --- adaptive landscape. --- adaptive radiation. --- ancestral species. --- behavioral studies. --- biological diversity. --- biology. --- caribbean anolis lizards. --- caribbean islands. --- comparable traits. --- convergent evolution. --- creatures. --- cuba. --- dominican republic. --- ecological theory. --- ecology. --- environment. --- evolution. --- evolutionary diversification. --- generational. --- haiti. --- hispaniola. --- jamaica. --- living world. --- lizard diversity. --- lizards. --- model system. --- natural laboratory. --- phenomenon. --- predictability. --- puerto rico. --- science. --- scientists. --- understanding evolution.

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George Orwell said that all writing is political; but the writers of some nations and some periods are more political than others. German writers after 1945 have exemplified such heightened politicization, and this book considers their contribution to the democratic development of Germany by looking principally at their directly political, non-fictional writings. It pays particular attention to writers and the student movement of the 1960s and '70s, when some proclaimed the death of literature and called for a turn to direct political action. Yet writers in both parts of Germany gradually came to identify with their respective states, even if the idea of one Germany never entirely disappeared. The unification of 1989-1990, in which this idea astonishingly became reality, posed a major (and some would say unmet) challenge to writers in both East and West. After looking at this period of intense political activities, the book considers the continuing East/West division and changing attitudes to the Nazi past, asking whether the intellectual climate has swung to the right. It also asks to what extent political involvement has been a generational project for the immediate postwar generation and is less important for younger writers who see the Federal Republic as a 'normal' democratic state. Stuart Parkes is Emeritus Professor of German from the University of Sunderland (UK).

Authors, German --- Politics and literature --- German literature --- Ecrivains allemands --- Politique et littérature --- Littérature allemande --- Political activity. --- Political activity --- History --- History and criticism. --- History and criticism --- Activité politique --- Histoire --- Histoire et critique --- Politique et litterature --- Litterature allemande --- Political and social views. --- Activite politique --- Pensee politique et sociale --- Politique et littérature --- Littérature allemande --- Activité politique --- Germany --- Politics and government. --- German authors --- Democratic State. --- East Germany. --- Generational Change. --- German Writers. --- Germany. --- Literature. --- Nazi Past. --- Political Action. --- Political Writing. --- Student Movement. --- Unification. --- West Germany. --- Writers and Politics.