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A COMPREHENSIVE AND PRACTICAL GUIDE TO STABILITY TESTING IN PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT Stability testing is required to demonstrate that a pharmaceutical product meets its acceptance criteria throughout its shelf life and to gain regulatory approval for commercialization. Assessing drug product stability and safety can be quite complicated, and stability profile can impact many functional areas, including analytical testing, formulation development, toxicology, quality, and regulatory affairs. Handbook of Stability Testing in Pharmaceutical Development: Regulations, Methodologies, and Best Practices is the first volume to cover all aspects of stability testing in pharmaceutical development. It presents a scientific understanding of regulations and balances methodologies and best practices. Comprising 17 chapters, it provides a wealth of resources for pharmaceutical companies, educational institutions, and manufacturing laboratories to use as either a supplementary text for stability training courses or as a reference book for pharmaceutical practitioners. Topics covered include: Latest regulations for stability testing, including cGMP requirements, ICH guidelines, and global guidances from WHO, ASEAN, EMRO, and other regions. Post-approval considerations and regulatory filing strategies to support a global supply chain. Methodologies, including development of a stability-indicating method, method validation, and transfer. This book also discusses physical stability, non-chromatographic methodologies, and spectroscopic applications. Setting specifications, monitoring impurities, and establishing shelf-life of pharmaceutical products. Data management, including stability reports, CMC, and discussion of out-of-specification (OOS) and out-of-trend (OOT). USP-NF testing in support of stability. Current industry best practices on stability operation, validation, and calibration of stability chambers including considerations for photo-stability testing. Discussion of matrixing and bracketing to support reduced stability testing. Overview of stability programs for biologics and drug-in-devices pharmaceutical products. This collective work was written by a group of prominent international experts, who have been directly responsible for instituting industry best practices and establishing the current stability guidelines.

Pharmacology. Therapy --- farmacie --- farmacologie --- toxicologie

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Molecular Toxicology is the first volume of a three-volume set Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology that offers a comprehensive and in-depth response to the increasing importance and abundance of chemicals in daily life. By providing intriguing insights far down to the molecular level, this work covers the entire range of modern toxicology with special emphasis on recent developments and achievements. It is written for students and professionals in medicine, science, public health and engineering who are demanding reliable information on toxic or potentially harmful agents and their adverse effects on the human body.

Pharmacology. Therapy --- farmacie --- farmacologie --- toxicologie

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Pharmacology. Therapy --- farmacie --- farmacologie --- toxicologie

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584

Drugs --- Catalogs --- 612.8 --- antidepressiva --- farmacologie --- geneesmiddelen --- huisapotheek --- slaapmiddelen --- farmacologie (farmacotherapie, geneesmiddelenleer) --- Farmacie - Geneesmiddelen --- Farmacologie --- Geneesmiddeleninformatie

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Theintentionofthisbookistoprovideacomprehensiveandcontemporaryreview ofthebiologyofsensorynerves. InkeepingwiththethemeoftheHandbookof Experimental Pharmacology series, emphasis will be placed on the actions of drugs,transmittersandautacoidsthatinitiateorinhibitsensorynerveactivation (through actionsonionchannelsandreceptorsattheirperipheralterminals)or modulate the release or actions of the transmitters released from the central terminalsofsensorynerves. Onthebasisofextensivesupportiveevidenceinthe literature, it is our view that many diseases are characterized by alterations in sensorynervefunction(e. g. pain,cardiovasculardiseaseandmigraine). Itisour beliefthatthisbookwillbeunique,asitwillcomprehensivelycovertheroleof sensory nerves across many therapeutic areas. To address directly one of the editorialboardqueries,thisisnotintendedtobeabookaboutthepharmacology ofpain. Thatsaid,tomostpharmacologists,painisthemostobviousindicationfor aroleorsensorynervesindisease. Webelievethatthelessonslearntfromthestudy ofneuropathicpainwillbeinvaluableforresearchersintheothertherapeuticareas covered inthisvolume. Sincemostinterest hasfocusedontheroleofsensory nervesinneuropathicpain,wehaveaddedanumberofchaptersdevotedtothis subject. Thebookisorganizedinthreeparts,coveringthetypesandrolesofsensory nervesinsomaticandvisceraldisorders(PartI),speci?ctargetsonsensorynerves relevanttopainandvisceraldisorders(PartII)andadescriptionofcurrentand futuretherapeuticstrategiesfortargetingsensorynerves(PartIII). The?rsttwochaptersinPartIaredevotedtodescribingtheclinicalfeaturesof neuropathicpainandvisceralpain. Ourintentionisfortheauthorstoprovidea clinicalviewpointonthefeaturesoftheseconditionsandtheadvantages/disadv- tagesofcurrenttreatmentmodalities. Thenext?vechaptersinPartIfocusonthe roleofsensorynervesinotherpathologicalconditions. Severalcommonthemes willemergeinthispart,includingthemodeofsensorynerveactivationinvarious tissues and organs, the alterations in sensory nerve excitability associated with disease,andtheimportanceofin?ammationandin?ammatorymediatorsininiti- ingalteredsensorynervefunctionindisease. v vi Preface Whilstthe?rstpartfocusesontheclinicaland/orsystemsphysiology,PartIIhas itsfocusatthecellandmolecularlevel. Thisparthighlightsthecurrentundersta- ingofproteins/ionchannels/mediatorsthathavecreatedthemostintenserecent interestintheareaofsensorynervebiology. Together,thesechapterswillgivethe reader important knowledge about how sensory nerve function can be altered pharmacologically. Thelastchapterinthispartdescribestheprocessesthatgive risetoalteredneuralre?exesatthecentrallevel. Themechanismsdescribedin thesechaptersreinforcetheroleofproteins/mediatorshighlightedinthepreceding chapters. Theroleofthesecellular,molecularandphysiologicalprocessesinthe diseasesdiscussedinPart1areemphasized. TheaimofPartIIIistohighlightpotentialdrugtargetsthatmightaltersensory nervefunction. Mostoftheworkhasbeendevotedtothetreatmentofneuropathic painandsothispartheavilyemphasizesthissubject. However,aswillbeapparent fromPartI,manyofthesetargetscouldbeutilizedinothertherapeuticareasthat implicatesensorynervesintheirpathophysiologicalprocesses. Thefocusofthe chaptersisonopioidsandmodulatorsofionchannelsandthenthe?nalchapteris devotedtofuturetreatmentstrategiesforneuropathicpain. Finally,wewouldliketothankallthecontributors,includingco-authors,who agreedtowritechaptersforthisbookandthepublishers,especiallySusanneDathe, fortheirpatienceandassistance. Baltimore B. J. Canning London D. Spina Contents PartI RoleofSensoryNervesinDisease NeuropathicPain:AClinicalPerspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 RalfBaron VisceralPain:TheNeurophysiologicalMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 JyotiN. Sengupta Migraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 SilviaBenemei,PaolaNicoletti,JayG. Capone,Francesco DeCesaris,andPierangeloGeppetti AfferentNerveRegulationofBladderFunctioninHealth andDisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 WilliamC. deGroatandNaokiYoshimura SensoryNervesandAirwayIrritability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 B. J. CanningandD. Spina RegulationofCardiacAfferentExcitabilityinIschemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Liang-WuFuandJohnC. Longhurst RolesofGastro-oesophagealAfferentsintheMechanisms andSymptomsofRe?uxDisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 AmandaJ. PageandL. AshleyBlackshaw PartII CellandMolecularMechanismsRegulatingSensory NerveFunction TransientReceptorPotentialChannelsonSensoryNerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 S. R. EidandD. N. Cortright Acid-SensitiveIonChannelsandReceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 PeterHolzer PurinesandSensoryNerves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 GeoffreyBurnstock vii viii Contents Sensory-Nerve-DerivedNeuropeptides: PossibleTherapeuticTargets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 ElizabethS. Fernandes,SabineM. SchmidhuberandSusanD. Brain CytokineandChemokineRegulationofSensory NeuronFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 RichardJ. Miller,HosungJung,SoniaK. BhangooandFletcherA. White TheRoleofPeptidesinCentralSensitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 V. S. Seybold PartIII CurrentandFutureTreatmentStrategiesTargeting SensoryNerves OpioidsandSensoryNerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 ChristophSteinandChristianZo¨llner ThePharmacologyofVoltage-GatedSodiumChannels inSensoryNeurones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 ReginaldJ. DochertyandClareE. Farmer RoleofCalciuminRegulatingPrimarySensory NeuronalExcitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 T. D. Gover,T. H. MoreiraandD. Weinreich FutureTreatmentStrategiesforNeuropathicPain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 FabienMarchand,NicholasG. JonesandStephenB.

Pharmacology. Therapy --- Neuropathology --- farmacie --- farmacologie --- hersenen --- toxicologie