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Many cities across Europe and Central Asia are experiencing the impacts of climate change, but most have not integrated climate adaptation into their agendas. This paper examines the threats faced and measures that can be taken by cities in the region to protect buildings, heritage sites, municipal functions, and vulnerable urban populations. In general, local governments must be proactive in ensuring that existing buildings are climate ready, paying particular attention to emerging technologies for retrofitting the prefabricated, panel style buildings that dominate the landscape while assessing the viability of homes situated in flood plains, coastal areas, and steep slopes. They also must ensure that new developments and buildings are designed in ways that account for climatic fluctuations. Although the resilience of all populations needs to be considered, historical patterns of discrimination require that special provisions are made for the poor and for ethnic minorities such as the Roma because these groups will be most at risk, but are least likely to have access to adequate resources. Urban climate adaptation requires national-level support and local commitment. However, centralized planning and expert-led decision-making under the former regimes may affect the ability of cities to pursue programmatic approaches to adaptation. Therefore, while national governments need to make adaptation a policy priority and ensure that municipalities have adequate resources, local government agencies and departments must be transparent in their actions and introduce participatory and community-based measures that demonstrate respect for diverse stakeholders and perspectives.

Agriculture --- Climate --- Climate change --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coastal areas --- Coastal erosion --- Coasts --- Construction --- Demonstration projects --- Ecology --- Ecosystems --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Flood plains --- Flooding --- Groundwater --- Housing --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Mitigation --- Parks --- Precipitation --- Saltwater intrusion --- Science and Technology Development --- Science of Climate Change --- Soils --- Waves --- Wetlands

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The rapid growth of Vietnam's economy, industry, and consumption has resulted in unprecedented growth in energy demand, and its infrastructure for extracting, generating, and distributing energy is expanding to try to meet those needs. Between 2000 and 2005, total primary energy consumption in Vietnam grew 10.6 percent per year. Growth in fossil-fuel consumption was correspondingly high, with coal use growing at 14.9 percent per year, oil use at 8.2 percent per year, and natural gas use at 37 percent per year. From 2002 to 2030, Vietnam's primary energy demand is expected to grow at a rate of 4.4 percent, increasing from 42 megatons oil equivalent (MTOE) in 2002 to 142 MTOE in 2030. This note will focus on Vietnam's potential Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and possible interventions associated with resource extraction and power generation for grid electricity. Emissions from power generation in industry and transport are covered under the respective sector notes, and reduction of greenhouse gases through management of end-use demand is covered in the context of industry (as the largest energy user) in the industry sector note.

Air Pollution --- Carbon Dioxide --- Carbon Finance --- Carbon Policy and Trading --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coal --- Coastal Areas --- Electricity --- Emission Reductions --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Fossil Fuels --- Geothermal Energy --- Global Warming --- Greenhouse Gases --- Hot Water --- Hydropower --- International Energy Agency --- Methane --- Natural Gas --- Natural Resources --- Petroleum Products --- Power Generation --- Power Plants --- Power Sector --- Renewable Energy --- Solar Energy --- Temperature --- Thermal Power --- Waste --- Wind Energy