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Why is productivity higher in cities? Does urbanization cause growth or does growth cause urbanization? Do countries achieve rapid growth or high incomes without urbanization? How can policy makers reap the benefits of urbanization without paying too high a cost? Does supporting urbanization imply neglecting rural areas? Why do so few governments welcome urbanization? What should governments do to improve housing conditions in cities as they urbanize? Are innovations in housing finance a blessing or a curse for developing countries? How will governments finance the trillions

Urban economics. --- Urbanization --- Cities and towns --- Economic aspects. --- Growth. --- Cities and towns, Movement to --- Urban development --- Urban systems --- Social history --- Sociology, Rural --- Sociology, Urban --- Urban policy --- Rural-urban migration --- City economics --- Economics of cities --- Economics --- Growth, Urban --- Sprawl, Urban --- Urban growth --- Urban sprawl --- Migration, Internal --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Economic aspects

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In the urban planning literature, it is frequently explicitly asserted or strongly implied that ongoing urban sprawl and decentralization can lead to development patterns that are unsustainable in the long run. One manifestation of such an outcome is that if extensive road investments occur, urban sprawl and decentralization are advanced and locked-in, making subsequent investments in public transit less effective in reducing vehicle kilometers traveled by car, gasoline use and carbon dioxide emissions. Using a simple core-periphery model of Beijing, the authors numerically assess this effect. The analysis confirms that improving the transit travel time in Beijing's core would reduce the city's overall carbon dioxide emissions, whereas the opposite would be the case if peripheral road capacity were expanded. This effect is robust to perturbations in the model's calibrated parameters. In particular, the effect persists for a wide range of assumptions about how location choice depends on travel time and a wide range of assumptions about other aspects of consumer preferences.

Car --- Carbon dioxide --- Carbon dioxide emissions --- Climate change --- Emissions --- Gasoline --- Gasoline use --- Greenhouse gas --- Public transit --- Road --- Road capacity --- Road expansion --- Transit investments --- Transit travel --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Travel time --- Urban sprawl --- Urban transportation --- Urban transportation planning --- Vehicle --- Vehicle kilometers

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A groundbreaking study of urban sprawl in Calgary after the Second World War. The interactions of land developers and the local government influenced how the pattern grew: developers met market demands and optimized profits by building houses as efficiently as possible, while the City had to consider wider planning constraints and infrastructure costs. Foran examines the complexity of their interactions from a historical perspective, why each party acted as it did, and where each can be criticized.

Cities and towns --- Real estate development --- City planning --- Growth --- History. --- Calgary (Alta.) --- Politics and government. --- History --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Land use --- Planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Development, Real estate --- Developments (Real estate) --- Land development --- Real estate business --- Land subdivision --- Global cities --- Municipalities --- Towns --- Urban areas --- Urban systems --- Human settlements --- Sociology, Urban --- Government policy --- Management --- Calgary, Alta. --- City of Calgary (Alta.) --- developers --- urban sprawl --- urban planning --- calgary

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This text is a study of urban development in the context of the wider ecological environment written by one of the 20th century's most important architectural visionaries.

711.4 --- 711 --- 711.1 --- 711.6 --- 504 --- 711.14 --- 711.16 --- Architecture --- Cities and towns --- Human ecology. --- City planning. --- City planning --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Growth, Urban --- Sprawl, Urban --- Urban growth --- Urban sprawl --- Human factors in architecture --- Stedenbouw --- Ruimtelijke ordening --- Ontwerp (planologie) --- Stadsplanning --- Stedelijke verkaveling --- Duurzaamheid --- Duurzame ontwikkeling --- Duurzame stedenbouw --- Landinrichting --- Stadsuitbreiding --- Stadsvernieuwing --- Human factors. --- Growth. --- Environmental aspects. --- Planning --- Government policy --- Management --- Social aspects --- Human ecology --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- Land use --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Migration, Internal --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Human engineering --- Architecture and society --- Buildings --- Environmental aspects --- Human factors --- Growth --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Environmental engineering --- Urbanisme --- Écologie humaine --- Philosophie --- Aspect environnemental --- Écologie humaine. --- Philosophie. --- Aspect environnemental. --- Écologie humaine

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China is experiencing rapid and large scale urbanization, and the resulting local and global urban environmental challenges are unprecedented. The Chinese Government has fully recognized these challenges and is aiming to promote more sustainable urbanization in line with the objectives of the eleventh five year plan, which calls for 'building a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society'. Various initiatives are being pursued to support this objective, both at the national and local levels. At the local level, cities have responded by developing 'eco-cities', which aim to promote a more sustainable urbanization model. More than one hundred eco-city initiatives have been launched in recent years. One such initiative is the Sino-Singapore Tianjin eco-city. The purpose of this report is to review the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC) project from a comprehensive perspective with a view to achieving the following principal objectives: (i) create a detailed knowledge base on the project; (ii) provide policy advice on key issues, especially those related to the Global Environment Facility (GEF) project; (iii) estimate SSTEC's Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction potential; and (iv) contextualize the project among the broader ecological urban development initiatives in China. Broadening the World Bank's engagement beyond the GEF was assessed as important given the project's complexity, and its potential to shed light on China's sustainable urban development challenges

Affordable Housing --- Air Pollution --- Air Quality --- Audits --- Carbon Dioxide --- Carbon Emissions --- Carbon Finance --- City Development Strategies --- Clean Development Mechanism --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coal --- Decision Making --- Demographics --- Drainage --- Drinking Water --- Economic Development --- Economics --- Electricity --- Emission Reductions --- Emissions --- Employment --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Supply --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Expenditures --- Geothermal Energy --- Global Environment Facility --- Global Warming --- Greenhouse Gases --- Gross Domestic Product --- Hot Water --- Landfill Gas --- Liquefied Natural Gas --- Methane --- Mobility --- Natural Gas --- Natural Resources --- Noise Pollution --- Pollutants --- Population Density --- Population Growth --- Precipitation --- Recycling --- Renewable Energy --- Risk Management --- Roads --- Solar Energy --- Street Lighting --- Thermal Power --- Transport --- Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development --- Urban Environment --- Urban Sprawl --- Waste Management --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water Pollution