Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

It is assumed that added time to export adds cost to and lowers the volume of trade. Time delays may also affect the composition of trade and can disproportionately reduce trade in time-sensitive goods. This paper investigates the validity of these propositions using the World Bank Doing Business database and Enterprise Surveys for 64 developing countries. The authors find that in countries where there is longer time needed to export firms in time-sensitive industries are less likely to become exporters. Moreover, firms that do export have lower export intensities. Their findings imply that time to export is a significant determinant of comparative advantage. For example, consider two industries that have the same export probability and intensity - but differ in time-sensitivity by one standard deviation. Action taken to cut time to export by 50 percent for one industry opens a 6 percentage point difference between the export probabilities of the two industries. In addition, steps to cut time delays increase export intensities by 1.9 percentage points. This impact applies to industries with different productivity levels - and those in developing countries with different income levels.

Air --- Air transport --- Automotive sector --- Capital investments --- Comparative Advantage --- Cost-benefit analysis --- Economic Theory and Research --- Education --- Efficiency of infrastructure --- Free Trade --- Freight --- Infrastructure investment --- Inland transport --- Inspection --- International Economics & Trade --- International transport --- Science Education --- Scientific Research and Science Parks --- Shipping containers --- Transit --- Transport costs --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Transport modes --- Transport systems --- Transportation --- Transportation cost --- Transportation costs

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Many recent models have been developed to fit the basic facts on establishment and industry evolution. While these models yield a simple interpretation of the basic features of the data, they are too stylized to confront the micro-level data in a more formal quantitative analysis. In this paper, the author develops a model in which establishments grow by innovating new products. By introducing heterogeneity to a stylized industry evolution model, the analysis succeeds in explaining several features of the data, such as the thick right tail of the size distribution and the relations between age, size, and the hazard rate of exit, which had eluded existing models. In the model, heterogeneity in producer behavior arises through a combination of exogenous efficiency differences and accumulated innovations resulting from past endogenous research and development investments. Integrating these forces allows the model to perform well quantitatively in fitting data on Chilean manufacturers. The counterfactual experiments show how producers respond to research and development subsidies and more competitive market environments.

Data analysis --- Development research --- E-Business --- Economic Theory and Research --- Education --- Experiments --- Food and Beverage Industry --- Industrial Management --- Industry --- Knowledge for Development --- Labor and Social Protections --- Labor Policies --- Machinery --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market competition --- Markets and Market Access --- Monopoly --- Paper industry --- Private Sector Development --- Product market --- R&D --- R&D expenditures --- Research working papers --- Researchers --- Retail --- Science and Technology Innovation --- Science Education --- Scientific Research and Science Parks --- Simulation --- Substitutes --- Supplier --- Techniques --- Textile industry --- Turnover --- Water and Industry --- Water Resources --- Weighting

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The World Bank is a leading intellectual institution on development. It is a world leader in analytical studies in areas including poverty measurement, delivery of social services, impact evaluation, measurement of development outcomes, international trade and migration. It is also a leader in development data, including the Living Standard Measurement Surveys; the enterprise surveys, and the International Price Comparison Project. World Bank research is resolutely empirical and policy oriented. By both learning from past policies and operations and thinking critically about future policies, research plays a critical role in the formulation of policy advice to developing countries. This paper reviews the intellectual and institutional forces that have shaped research at the World Bank since the latter started lending to developing countries in the early 1950s. It provides an overview of the shifts in development economics that have influenced Bank research and briefly surveys the changes in research organization, structure and approach. The first section, after a short introduction, examines the shifts in positive and normative views about development during the past half century that have influenced Bank thinking. The Bank itself has been an active participant in the rise and fall of long-lived development dogmas about the nature of development; the most appropriate policies and actions for achieving it; and the respective roles of government and markets. The second section examines how the World Bank has adapted its organization to keep abreast of emerging issues and produce relevant policy research of good quality. On the one hand, the Bank has experienced several reorganizations that have affected the research unit(s) as well as its relationship with operational units. On the other hand, the Bank's research units themselves have been reorganized at several junctures, leading to new priorities and new means of achieving them.

Administrative costs --- Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems --- Agriculture --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Children and Youth --- Consolidation --- Distribution of income --- Economic stability --- Economics --- Education --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Equilibrium models --- Externalities --- Government intervention --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Income distribution --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Information Security and Privacy --- Interest rates --- Labor markets --- Macroeconomics --- Migration --- Poverty Monitoring and Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Productivity --- Public policy --- Public services --- Resource allocation --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Savings --- Science and Technology Development --- Science Education --- Scientific Research and Science Parks --- Social services --- Structural adjustment