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Rent --- Rent (Economic theory) --- S11/0920 --- S11/0570 --- China: Social sciences--Corruption --- China: Social sciences--Guanxi --- Ground-rent --- Payment --- Landlord and tenant --- Real property --- Economic rent --- Economics --- Land use --- Rent seeking --- Law and legislation --- Rente --- Loyers --- Chine

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In a recent survey of European economic growth since 1950, Crafts and Toniolo (2008) conclude that incentive structures are a crucial explanator of comparative growth rates of the economies of east and west Europe. Pre-empting that, a 2006 report on trade performance and policies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia included as one of its key recommendations the need to reduce the mean and variance of the tariff equivalents of trade barriers, and in particular to reduce unilaterally the policy regimes' anti-export bias, especially in countries exporting primary products (Broadman 2006). To progress such reform in Europe's transition economies efficiently and effectively, and to see how recent policies line up with those of the European Union (EU), requires better information on the extent of reform during the past two decades and of current policy influences on incentives within and between sectors. Immediately prior to their transition to market economies, policies in the region greatly distorted producer and consumer incentives, especially for agricultural products. Those distortions have been reduced substantially in several countries, but large variations remain across the region and distortions appear to be growing again in some countries. Now is thus an opportune time to examine how policies affecting agriculture are evolving in this region, including as part of the adjustment to EU accession for ten of the transition economies in the region.

Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agricultural Trade --- Agriculture --- Beef --- Consumers --- Debt --- Development Policy --- Economic Development --- Exchange Rates --- Expenditures --- Financial Institutions --- Food Processing --- Food Security --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Gdp --- Grains --- Hunger --- Industrialization --- Labor Market --- Livestock --- Maize --- Market Economy --- Marketing --- Political Economy --- Property Rights --- Protectionism --- Rent Seeking --- Rice --- Rural Development --- Sugar --- Surplus --- Trade Barriers --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policy --- Vertical Integration --- Wages --- Wheat --- World Development Indicators --- World Trade Organization

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This paper focuses on core aspects of the political economy of reform, drawing on case studies of three economies transitioning to stronger business environments (Hungary, the Republic of Korea, and Mexico) and three countries with well-developed business environments (Australia, Italy, and the United Kingdom). The purpose is threefold: first, to identify so-called drivers of reform among successfully reforming countries; second, to explore how a reform strategy can make optimal use of the opportunities provided by the drivers of change; and third; to suggest how these lessons can be proactively used by other reformers to design and guide reforms. The case study findings suggest that, regardless of the content of reform, success is influenced by an evolving mix of seven drivers of change: i) globalization or competitiveness; ii) crisis; iii) political leadership; iv) unfolding reform synergies; v) technocrats; vi) changes in civil society, and vii) external pressure. The case studies suggest that reformers can influence the direction and pace of change by mobilizing and exploiting drivers of it. Rather than a cause-and-effect scenario in which a single driver-such as a crisis-creates and defines the success of a body of reforms, what happens is an unfolding series of events in which various drivers become more and less important in defining phases of the reform process.

Accountability --- Bankruptcy --- Bureaucracy --- Capital Markets --- Consumer Protection --- Consumers --- Corruption --- Corruption & anticorruption Law --- Debt --- Deregulation --- Developed Countries --- Developing Countries --- Economic Development --- Economic Liberalization --- Economics --- Enterprise Development & Reform --- Financial Crisis --- Financial Sector --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Free Trade Agreements --- Globalization --- Good Governance --- Gross Domestic Product --- Investment Climate --- Job Creation --- Judiciary --- Labor Market --- Law and Development --- Leadership --- Low-Income Countries --- Macroeconomics --- Market Economy --- Marketing --- Monopolies --- Open Markets --- Political Economy --- Private Investment --- Private Sector Development --- Property Rights --- Public Debt --- Regulators --- Rent Seeking --- Rule of Law --- Small Businesses --- Trade Liberalization --- Transaction Costs --- Transparency --- Unemployment