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Biotic communities --- Biodiversity --- Numbers of species --- Algae --- Aquatic invertebrates --- Fishes --- Water quality
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Bringing together the viewpoints of leading ecologists concerned with the processes that generate patterns of diversity, and evolutionary biologists who focus on mechanisms of speciation, this book opens up discussion in order to broaden understanding of how speciation affects patterns of biological diversity, especially the uneven distribution of diversity across time, space and taxa studied by macroecologists. The contributors discuss questions such as: Are species equivalent units, providing meaningful measures of diversity? To what extent do mechanisms of speciation affect the functional nature and distribution of species diversity? How can speciation rates be measured using molecular phylogenies or data from the fossil record? What are the factors that explain variation in rates? Written for graduate students and academic researchers, the book promotes a more complete understanding of the interaction between mechanisms and rates of speciation and these patterns in biological diversity.
ECO Ecology --- biodiversity --- speciation --- evolutionary biology --- Diversité des espèces --- 575.858 --- Species. Speciation --- 575.858 Species. Speciation --- Diversité des espèces --- Biodiversity --- Species diversity --- Diversity, Species --- Richness, Species --- Species richness --- Biodiversité --- Species diversity. --- Biodiversity. --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species
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Understanding and predicting species diversity in ecological communities is one of the great challenges in community ecology. Popular recent theory contends that the traits of species are "neutral" or unimportant to coexistence, yet abundant experimental evidence suggests that multiple species are able to coexist on the same limiting resource precisely because they differ in key traits, such as body size, diet, and resource demand. This book presents a new theory of coexistence that incorporates two important aspects of biodiversity in nature--scale and spatial variation in the supply of limiting resources. Introducing an innovative model that uses fractal geometry to describe the complex physical structure of nature, Mark Ritchie shows how species traits, particularly body size, lead to spatial patterns of resource use that allow species to coexist. He explains how this criterion for coexistence can be converted into a "rule" for how many species can be "packed" into an environment given the supply of resources and their spatial variability. He then demonstrates how this rule can be used to predict a range of patterns in ecological communities, such as body-size distributions, species-abundance distributions, and species-area relations. Ritchie illustrates how the predictions closely match data from many real communities, including those of mammalian herbivores, grasshoppers, dung beetles, and birds. This book offers a compelling alternative to "neutral" theory in community ecology, one that helps us better understand patterns of biodiversity across the Earth.
Animal population density. --- Biotic communities. --- Biodiversity. --- Ecological heterogeneity. --- Animal populations --- Density, Animal population --- Population density, Animal --- Population biology --- Zoogeography --- Allee effect --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Ecology --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Heterogeneity, Ecological --- Biodiversity --- Fragmented landscapes --- Density
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In the 17th century, Descartes put forth the metaphor of the machine to explain the functioning of living beings. In the 18th century, La Mettrie extended the metaphor to man. The clock was then used as the paradigm of the machine. In the 20th century, this metaphor still held but the clock was replaced by a computer. Nowadays, the organism is viewed as a robot obeying signals emanating from a computer program controlled by genetic information. This book shows that such a conception leads to contradictions not only in the theory of biology but also in its experimental research program, thereby
Developmental genetics. --- Biodiversity. --- Molecular evolution. --- Individual differences. --- Differences, Individual --- Difference (Psychology) --- Biochemical evolution --- Chemical evolution --- Evolution --- Life --- Molecular biology --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Developmental biology --- Embryology --- Genetics --- Growth --- Origin
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Contrary to ingrained academic and public assumptions, wherein indigenous lowland South American societies are viewed as the product of historical emplacement and spatial stasis, there is widespread evidence to suggest that migration and displacement have been the norm, and not the exception. This original and thought-provoking collection of case studies examines some of the ways in which migration, and the concomitant processes of ecological and social change, have shaped and continue to shape human-environment relations in Amazonia. Drawing on a wide range of historical time frames (from
Indians of South America --- Migration, Internal --- Human geography --- Ethnoecology --- Biodiversity --- Migrations. --- Ethnobotany --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- Indigenous peoples --- Internal migration --- Mobility --- Population geography --- Internal migrants --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Traditional ecological knowledge --- Ethnology --- Ecology
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As the first indicator-based assessment of progress towards the European target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010, this report serves two purposes. First, it takes stock of the state of biodiversity and its loss in Europe based on the most recent data available. Second, it functions as a bridge to a comprehensive assessment of the 2010 target to be done in 2010. As such, the indicators in this report do not only show what is currently known. They also show where information is missing and what more needs to be measured and examined to enable a comprehensive assessment in 2010.
Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- European Union --- Biodiversity conservation --- Biodiversity --- Landbouw / veeteelt 63 --- Natuur 614.7:719 --- Milieubescherming 712.2 --- EG / Europese Unie 339.543EC/EU --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Biological diversity conservation --- Conservation of biodiversity --- Diversity conservation, Biological --- Gender mainstreaming in biodiversity conservation --- Maintenance of biological diversity --- Preservation of biological diversity --- Conservation of natural resources --- Ecosystem management --- Conservation
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Climatic changes --- Agriculture --- Biodiversity --- Biotic communities --- Environmental aspects --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Ecology --- Population biology --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Global environmental change --- Teleconnections (Climatology)
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There is still a widespread belief that microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, protists, and small multicellulars, have a cosmopolitan distribution due to a presumed easy dispersal by wind and water. However, the contributions collected in this book – ranging from protists to rotifers and mosses – show that microorganisms have community structures and biogeographies similar to those found in animals and vascular plants, although the ranges of many can be wider and local endemism is rarer. Accordingly, the cosmopolitan distribution model of Finlay & Fenchel is to be replaced by the moderate endemicity model of Foissner, which assumes that one third of microscopic organisms are morphological and/or genetic endemics. This has far-reaching consequences for estimates of the number of species and their conservation. There is convincing evidence that we know only about 20% of the actual diversity in many protist groups, especially saprotrophs and heterotrophs such as amoebae, flagellates, and ciliates. It is probable that this great diversity of microscopic organisms is caused by low extinction rates over geological time, and short generation times which foster dispersal of genetic variants. That the great diversity of microorganisms has remained unrecognized for such a long time has several reasons, of which the most serious is a shortage of taxonomists. Considering the dramatic losses of habitats occurring, especially in the tropics, a large portion of the Earth’s protist biodiversity will disappear before it has been discovered. Reprinted from Biodiversity and Conservation, volume 17:2 (2008).
Protista -- Ecology. --- Protista -- Geographical distribution. --- Protista. --- Protozoa. --- Protista --- Biology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Ecology --- Geographical distribution --- Microbial diversity. --- Microbiology. --- Protozoans --- Protozoons --- Protists --- Microbial biology --- Diversity, Microbial --- Microbiodiversity --- Microbiological diversity --- Life sciences. --- Ecology. --- Biodiversity. --- Conservation biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Conservation Biology/Ecology. --- Microorganisms --- Invertebrates --- Protozoology --- Unicellular organisms --- Eukaryotic cells --- Biodiversity --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Nature conservation --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology .
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Ancient lakes are exceptional freshwater environments that have continued to exist for hundreds of thousands of years. They have long been recognized as centres of biodiversity and hotspots of evolution. During recent decades, speciation in ancient lakes has emerged as an important and exciting topic in evolutionary biology. The contributions in this volume deal with patterns and processes of biological diversification in three prominent ancient lake systems. Of these, the famous East African Great Lakes already have a strong tradition of evolutionary studies, but the two other systems have so far received much less attention. The exceptional biodiversity of the European sister lakes Ohrid and Prespa of the Balkans has long been known, but has largely been neglected in the international literature until recently. The rich biota and problems of its evolution in the two central lake systems on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, in turn, have only lately started to draw scientific attention. This volume aims at deepening the awareness of the unusual biological diversity in ancient lakes in general, and of the role of these lakes as natural laboratories for the study of speciation and diversification in particular. It should stimulate further research that will lead to a better understanding of key evolutionary processes in these lakes, and to knowledge that might help in mitigating the deterioration of their diversity in the future.
Freshwater biodiversity -- Congresses. --- Lake ecology -- Congresses. --- Species -- Congresses. --- Ecology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Species --- Lakes --- Lake ecology --- Biodiversity --- Speciation (Biology) --- Life sciences. --- Biodiversity. --- Aquatic ecology. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Biology --- Genetics --- Hybridization --- Organisms --- Evolution (Biology). --- Aquatic biology. --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Aquatic ecology . --- Aquatic biology
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Host Plant Catalog of Aphids in the Palaearctic Region; J. Holman The major part of this Catalog presents host lists of particular aphid species in the Palaearctic Region based on published data and more than 2,400 author’s unpublished host records, with respective references arranged by geographical provenance. The book includes separate lists of aphids living on particular plants, arranged in alphabetical order of plant families and genera, separately for mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, dicotyledons and monocotyledons. The coverage is exhaustive, including some 3,706 aphid species (about 80 per cent of the aphid fauna of the world), feeding on 11,131 species of host plants in 1,948 genera and 243 families. Host Plant Catalog of Aphids combines well-organized data with up-to-date information on geographic distribution of particular aphid species and their host relationships. It will be a useful addition to the libraries of institutions and researchers interested in biosystematics, ecology, genetics and phylogeny of aphids, as well as in biodiversity and plant protection.
Plant Sciences --- Agriculture --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Aphids --- Encyclopedias and dictionaries, Azerbaijani. --- Host plants --- Azerbaijani encyclopedias and dictionaries --- Aphidae --- Aphididae --- Eriosomatidae --- Lachnidae --- Pemphigidae --- Plant-lice --- Plantlice --- Thelaxidae --- Life sciences. --- Animal ecology. --- Biodiversity. --- Plant pathology. --- Entomology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Pathology. --- Animal Ecology. --- Homoptera --- Plant diseases. --- Insects --- Zoology --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Animals --- Ecology --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries
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