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Bringing together the viewpoints of leading ecologists concerned with the processes that generate patterns of diversity, and evolutionary biologists who focus on mechanisms of speciation, this book opens up discussion in order to broaden understanding of how speciation affects patterns of biological diversity, especially the uneven distribution of diversity across time, space and taxa studied by macroecologists. The contributors discuss questions such as: Are species equivalent units, providing meaningful measures of diversity? To what extent do mechanisms of speciation affect the functional nature and distribution of species diversity? How can speciation rates be measured using molecular phylogenies or data from the fossil record? What are the factors that explain variation in rates? Written for graduate students and academic researchers, the book promotes a more complete understanding of the interaction between mechanisms and rates of speciation and these patterns in biological diversity.

ECO Ecology --- biodiversity --- speciation --- evolutionary biology --- Diversité des espèces --- 575.858 --- Species. Speciation --- 575.858 Species. Speciation --- Diversité des espèces --- Biodiversity --- Species diversity --- Diversity, Species --- Richness, Species --- Species richness --- Biodiversité --- Species diversity. --- Biodiversity. --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species

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In the 17th century, Descartes put forth the metaphor of the machine to explain the functioning of living beings. In the 18th century, La Mettrie extended the metaphor to man. The clock was then used as the paradigm of the machine. In the 20th century, this metaphor still held but the clock was replaced by a computer. Nowadays, the organism is viewed as a robot obeying signals emanating from a computer program controlled by genetic information. This book shows that such a conception leads to contradictions not only in the theory of biology but also in its experimental research program, thereby

Developmental genetics. --- Biodiversity. --- Molecular evolution. --- Individual differences. --- Differences, Individual --- Difference (Psychology) --- Biochemical evolution --- Chemical evolution --- Evolution --- Life --- Molecular biology --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Developmental biology --- Embryology --- Genetics --- Growth --- Origin

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As the first indicator-based assessment of progress towards the European target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010, this report serves two purposes. First, it takes stock of the state of biodiversity and its loss in Europe based on the most recent data available. Second, it functions as a bridge to a comprehensive assessment of the 2010 target to be done in 2010. As such, the indicators in this report do not only show what is currently known. They also show where information is missing and what more needs to be measured and examined to enable a comprehensive assessment in 2010.

Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- European Union --- Biodiversity conservation --- Biodiversity --- Landbouw / veeteelt 63 --- Natuur 614.7:719 --- Milieubescherming 712.2 --- EG / Europese Unie 339.543EC/EU --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Biological diversity conservation --- Conservation of biodiversity --- Diversity conservation, Biological --- Gender mainstreaming in biodiversity conservation --- Maintenance of biological diversity --- Preservation of biological diversity --- Conservation of natural resources --- Ecosystem management --- Conservation

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There is still a widespread belief that microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, protists, and small multicellulars, have a cosmopolitan distribution due to a presumed easy dispersal by wind and water. However, the contributions collected in this book – ranging from protists to rotifers and mosses – show that microorganisms have community structures and biogeographies similar to those found in animals and vascular plants, although the ranges of many can be wider and local endemism is rarer. Accordingly, the cosmopolitan distribution model of Finlay & Fenchel is to be replaced by the moderate endemicity model of Foissner, which assumes that one third of microscopic organisms are morphological and/or genetic endemics. This has far-reaching consequences for estimates of the number of species and their conservation. There is convincing evidence that we know only about 20% of the actual diversity in many protist groups, especially saprotrophs and heterotrophs such as amoebae, flagellates, and ciliates. It is probable that this great diversity of microscopic organisms is caused by low extinction rates over geological time, and short generation times which foster dispersal of genetic variants. That the great diversity of microorganisms has remained unrecognized for such a long time has several reasons, of which the most serious is a shortage of taxonomists. Considering the dramatic losses of habitats occurring, especially in the tropics, a large portion of the Earth’s protist biodiversity will disappear before it has been discovered. Reprinted from Biodiversity and Conservation, volume 17:2 (2008).

Protista -- Ecology. --- Protista -- Geographical distribution. --- Protista. --- Protozoa. --- Protista --- Biology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Ecology --- Geographical distribution --- Microbial diversity. --- Microbiology. --- Protozoans --- Protozoons --- Protists --- Microbial biology --- Diversity, Microbial --- Microbiodiversity --- Microbiological diversity --- Life sciences. --- Ecology. --- Biodiversity. --- Conservation biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Conservation Biology/Ecology. --- Microorganisms --- Invertebrates --- Protozoology --- Unicellular organisms --- Eukaryotic cells --- Biodiversity --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Nature conservation --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology .

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Host Plant Catalog of Aphids in the Palaearctic Region; J. Holman The major part of this Catalog presents host lists of particular aphid species in the Palaearctic Region based on published data and more than 2,400 author’s unpublished host records, with respective references arranged by geographical provenance. The book includes separate lists of aphids living on particular plants, arranged in alphabetical order of plant families and genera, separately for mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, dicotyledons and monocotyledons. The coverage is exhaustive, including some 3,706 aphid species (about 80 per cent of the aphid fauna of the world), feeding on 11,131 species of host plants in 1,948 genera and 243 families. Host Plant Catalog of Aphids combines well-organized data with up-to-date information on geographic distribution of particular aphid species and their host relationships. It will be a useful addition to the libraries of institutions and researchers interested in biosystematics, ecology, genetics and phylogeny of aphids, as well as in biodiversity and plant protection.

Plant Sciences --- Agriculture --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Aphids --- Encyclopedias and dictionaries, Azerbaijani. --- Host plants --- Azerbaijani encyclopedias and dictionaries --- Aphidae --- Aphididae --- Eriosomatidae --- Lachnidae --- Pemphigidae --- Plant-lice --- Plantlice --- Thelaxidae --- Life sciences. --- Animal ecology. --- Biodiversity. --- Plant pathology. --- Entomology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Pathology. --- Animal Ecology. --- Homoptera --- Plant diseases. --- Insects --- Zoology --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Animals --- Ecology --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries