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Why sex matters Among human and nonhuman animals, the prevalence and intensity of infection typically is higher in males than females and may reflect differences in exposure as well as susceptibility to pathogens. Elevated immunity among females is a double-edged sword in which it is beneficial against infectious diseases but is detrimental in terms of increased development of autoimmune diseases. The present book critically reviews the evolutionary origin and the functional mechanisms responsible for sexual dimorphism in response to infection. It emphasizes the value of examining responses in both males and females to improve our understanding about host-pathogen interactions in both sexes. The contributors are experts in their specific disciplines which range from microbiology and immunology to genetics, pathology, and evolutionary biology. The book aims at bringing insight to the treatment and management of infectious diseases; it delineates areas where knowledge is lacking and highlights future avenues of research.

Autoimmune diseases. --- Hormones, Sex. --- Immunity -- Endocrine aspects. --- Infection. --- Sex differences. --- Hormones, Sex --- Sex differences --- Immunity --- Infection --- Autoimmune diseases --- Communicable Diseases --- Gonadal Steroid Hormones --- Sex Characteristics --- Immune System Phenomena --- Gonadal Hormones --- Reproductive Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Bacterial Infections and Mycoses --- Hormones --- Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomena --- Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists --- Diseases --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Animal Biochemistry --- Biology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Endocrine aspects --- Autoimmunologic diseases --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Endocrinology. --- Biochemistry. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Microbiology. --- Animal genetics. --- Biomedicine. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Animal Biochemistry. --- Animal Genetics and Genomics. --- Autoimmunity --- Immunologic diseases --- Female sex hormone --- Male sex hormone --- Sex hormones --- Steroid hormones --- Gender differences --- Sexual dimorphism in humans --- Sex differentiation