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Biophysics. --- Biophysik. --- Physicians --- Physics --- Physiology. --- Science. --- Helmholtz, Hermann von, --- Helmholtz, Hermann von. --- Psychoanalysis --- Freud, Sigmund, --- Freud, Sigmund. --- Actor-Network-Theory. --- Latour, Bruno --- Latour, Bruno.

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Two seemingly contradictory tendencies have accompanied the development of the natural sciences in the past 150 years. On the one hand, the natural sciences have been instrumental in effecting a thoroughgoing transformation of social structures and have made a permanent impact on the conceptual world of human beings. This historical period has, on the other hand, also brought to light the merely hypothetical validity of scientific knowledge. As late as the middle of the 19th century the truth-pathos in the natural sciences was still unbroken. Yet in the succeeding years these claims to certain knowledge underwent a fundamental crisis. For scientists today, of course, the fact that their knowledge can possess only relative validity is a matter of self-evidence. The present analysis investigates the early phase of this fundamental change in the concept of science through an examination of Hermann von Helmholtz's conception of science and his mechanistic interpretation of nature. Helmholtz (1821-1894) was one of the most important natural scientists in Germany. The development of this thought offers an impressive but, until now, relatively little considered report from the field of the experimental sciences chronicling the erosion of certainty.

Philosophy of nature --- epistomologie --- epistemologists --- Philosophy of science --- Theory of knowledge --- Certainty --- Science --- Indubitability --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Logic --- Truth --- History --- Helmholtz, Hermann von, --- Gelʹmgolʹt︠s︡, German Li︠u︡dvig Ferdinand, --- Von Helmholtz, Hermann, --- Helmholtz, H. --- Gelʹmgolʹtt︠s︡, German fon-, --- Fon-Gelʹmgolʹtt︠s︡, German, --- Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, --- Helmholtz, Herman L. F.,

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Two seemingly contradictory tendencies have accompanied the development of the natural sciences in the past 150 years. On the one hand, the natural sciences have been instrumental in effecting a thoroughgoing transformation of social structures and have made a permanent impact on the conceptual world of human beings. This historical period has, on the other hand, also brought to light the merely hypothetical validity of scientific knowledge. As late as the middle of the 19th century the truth-pathos in the natural sciences was still unbroken. Yet in the succeeding years these claims to certain knowledge underwent a fundamental crisis. For scientists today, of course, the fact that their knowledge can possess only relative validity is a matter of self-evidence. The present analysis investigates the early phase of this fundamental change in the concept of science through an examination of Hermann von Helmholtz's conception of science and his mechanistic interpretation of nature. Helmholtz (1821-1894) was one of the most important natural scientists in Germany. The development of this thought offers an impressive but, until now, relatively little considered report from the field of the experimental sciences chronicling the erosion of certainty.

Mechanism (Philosophy). --- Philosophy of nature. --- Philosophy. --- Physics. --- Science. --- Science --- Certainty --- Philosophy --- Speculative Philosophy --- Philosophy & Religion --- History --- Certainty. --- Helmholtz, Hermann von, --- Indubitability --- Gelʹmgolʹt︠s︡, German Li︠u︡dvig Ferdinand, --- Von Helmholtz, Hermann, --- Helmholtz, H. --- Gelʹmgolʹtt︠s︡, German fon-, --- Fon-Gelʹmgolʹtt︠s︡, German, --- Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, --- Helmholtz, Herman L. F., --- History. --- Modern philosophy. --- Philosophy and science. --- Modern Philosophy. --- Philosophy of Nature. --- History of Science. --- Philosophy of Science. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Logic --- Truth --- Philosophy, modern. --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Nature --- Nature, Philosophy of --- Natural theology --- Modern philosophy --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Science and philosophy