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Impact of science and technology on society. --- Mathematics and science. --- Science: general issues. --- Technology, engineering, agriculture. --- Technology: general issues.

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The producer price index (PPI) measures the rate at which the prices of producer goods and services are changing overtime. It is a key statistic for economic and business decision making and inflation monitoring. The Producer Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice provides clear, up-to-date guidance on the concepts, uses, methods, and economic theory of the PPI, including information on classifications, sources, compilation techniques, and analytical uses of the PPI. The Manual supersedes the previous international guidance on PPIs (available in the Manual on Producers’ Price Indices for Industrial Goods, published by the United Nations Statistics Division in 1979). The Manual's conceptual framework derives from the System of National Accounts1993 and recent developments in index number theory. Preparation of the Manual was undertaken by the Intersecretariat Working Group on Price Statistics through a technical expert group chaired by the IMF and involving representatives from the ILO, the OECD, the UN Economic Commission for Europe, the World Bank, national statistical offices, and academic institutions.

Investments: Commodities --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Price Level --- Deflation --- General Aggregative Models: General --- Commodity Markets --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Investment & securities --- Public finance & taxation --- Technology --- general issues --- Data capture & analysis --- Price indexes --- Producer price indexes --- National accounts --- Commodities --- Prices --- National income --- Commercial products --- Consumption --- Economics --- United States --- General issues

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El índice de precios al productor (PPI) mide la tasa a la cual varían con el tiempo los precios de producción de bienes y servicios. Es una estadística fundamental para las decisiones económicas y empresariales y para seguir la evolución de la inflación. El Manual del índice de precios al productor: Teoría y práctica proporciona directrices claras y actualizadas sobre los conceptos, usos, métodos y teoría económica del IPP, incluyendo información sobre clasificaciones, fuentes, técnicas de compilación y usos analíticos del IPP. Este Manual reemplaza a las anteriores directrices internacionales sobre el IPP (incluidas en el Manual de índices de precios al productor de bienes industriales, publicado por la División de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas en 1979). El marco conceptual del Manual se deriva del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales 1993 y de la evolución reciente de la teoría de números índice. La preparación del Manual fue emprendida por el Grupo Interinstitucional de Trabajo sobre Estadísticas de Precios a través de un grupo de expertos técnicos presidido por el FMI e integrado por representantes de la OIT, la OCDE, la Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para Europa, el Banco Mundial, oficinas nacionales de estadística e instituciones académicas.

Investments: Commodities --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Price Level --- Deflation --- General Aggregative Models: General --- Commodity Markets --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Investment & securities --- Public finance & taxation --- Technology --- general issues --- Data capture & analysis --- Price indexes --- Producer price indexes --- National accounts --- Commodities --- Prices --- National income --- Commercial products --- Consumption --- Economics --- United States --- General issues

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The 2007 subprime crisis in the U.S. triggered a succession of financial crises around the globe, reigniting interest in the contagion phenomenon. Not all crises, however, are contagious. This paper models a new channel of contagion where the degree of anticipation of crises, through its impact on investor uncertainty, determines the occurrence of contagion. Incidences of surprise crises lead investors to doubt the accuracy of their informationgathering technology, which endogenously increases the probability of crises elsewhere. Anticipated crisis, instead, have the opposite effect. Importantly, this channel is empirically shown to have an independent effect beyond other contagion channels.

Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- Financial crises --- Contagion (Social psychology) --- Econometric models. --- Economic aspects. --- Social contagion --- Crashes, Financial --- Crises, Financial --- Financial crashes --- Financial panics --- Panics (Finance) --- Stock exchange crashes --- Stock market panics --- Social psychology --- Memetics --- Crises --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Financial Crises --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Finance --- Technology --- general issues --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Stock markets --- Emerging and frontier financial markets --- Asset prices --- Financial markets --- Prices --- Stock exchanges --- Financial services industry --- United States --- General issues

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We study the relative efficiency of outside-owned versus employee-owned firms and analyze implications for institutional change in a context of technological innovation. When decisions are made through majority voting, the vote on technology choice is used to influence the later vote on the sharing rule. We show how this dynamic voting generates a systematic technological bias that is contingent on firm ownership. We provide conditions under which the pivotal voter's political leverage leads the firm to an institutional trap whereby majority voting and inefficient technology choice reinforce each other, leading to institutional inertia.

Management --- Business & Economics --- Management Styles & Communication --- Technological innovations. --- Industrial management. --- Business administration --- Business enterprises --- Business management --- Corporate management --- Corporations --- Industrial administration --- Management, Industrial --- Rationalization of industry --- Scientific management --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Business --- Industrial organization --- Creative ability in technology --- Inventions --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Technology transfer --- Investments: Metals --- Labor --- Production and Operations Management --- Innovation --- Research and Development --- Technological Change --- Intellectual Property Rights: General --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Technology --- general issues --- Macroeconomics --- Labour --- income economics --- Investment & securities --- Productivity --- Gold --- Human capital --- Wages --- Industrial productivity --- United States --- General issues --- Income economics