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In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.

Banks and Banking --- Investments: Energy --- Public Finance --- Macroeconomics --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Energy: General --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Banking --- Investment & securities --- Pensions --- Oil --- Commercial banks --- Bank deposits --- Pension spending --- Commodities --- Financial institutions --- Income --- National accounts --- Expenditure --- Financial services --- Banks and banking --- Petroleum industry and trade --- United Arab Emirates

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América Central ha logrado importantes avances en los últimos años al impulsar reformas económicas y profundizar la integración regional y mundial. Como resultado de estos esfuerzos, la región ha logrado aumentar el crecimiento y las entradas de capitales y reducir en alguna medida las tasas de pobreza. No obstante, América Central se mantiene vulnerable a los shocks negativos y continúa atravesando una situación de pobreza generalizada. Si bien hoy en día América Central se encuentra en mejores condiciones para afrontar esos shocks, las turbulencias actuales en los mercados financieros internacionales podrían poner en riesgo los avances logrados con tanto esfuerzo en los últimos años. Frente a estos retos, las autoridades están siguiendo de cerca los acontecimientos y tomando medidas precautorias, pero también deben seguir realizando reformas que promuevan la productividad y aplicando medidas dirigidas a reducir la desigualdad del ingreso y la pobreza.

Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Investments: General --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Fiscal Policy --- Investment & securities --- Finance --- International economics --- Income --- Securities --- Stock markets --- Customs unions --- Fiscal policy --- Financial instruments --- Stock exchanges --- Protectionism --- Costa Rica

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The paper provides estimates of global relative poverty trends from 1970 onwards. Relative poverty is shown to have decreased significantly, but at the same time there has been a worsening poverty outcome among up to one billion of the world's poorest citizens. The paper also proposes a straightforward method for dividing an income distribution into classes of poor, rich, and middle-class.

Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Poverty. --- Income distribution. --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Destitution --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Macroeconomics --- Demography --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Economic Development: Human Resources --- Human Development --- Income Distribution --- Migration --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Demographic Economics: General --- Poverty & precarity --- Population & demography --- Personal income --- Poverty --- Income distribution --- Population and demographics --- National accounts --- Income --- Population --- United States

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The paper presents numerical simulations of various fiscal rules for oil-producing countries. Welfare implications are sensitive to the choice of the social welfare function, initial conditions, and non-oil growth prospects. The distribution of non-oil wealth is important for countries with relatively low oil reserves. Corrections for adjustment costs and uncertainty with respect to oil prices should be applied carefully. While avoiding sharp changes in the fiscal policy stance may be appealing, it is not necessarily optimal if the initial position is unsustainable. Ad hoc rules are shown to perform poorly. The analysis abstracts from several issues critical for developing a practical policy advice and should not be treated as a complete framework.

Business & Economics --- Industries --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Fiscal policy. --- Economic aspects. --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Government policy --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Energy industries --- Oil industries --- Investments: Energy --- Macroeconomics --- Fiscal Policy --- Energy: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Investment & securities --- Public finance & taxation --- Oil --- Government consumption --- Income --- Oil, gas and mining taxes --- Oil prices --- Commodities --- National accounts --- Taxes --- Consumption --- Economics --- United States

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With global financial turmoil increasingly spilling over into Serbia, the authorities have requested a 15-month Stand-By Arrangement (SBA), which they intend to treat as precautionary. The authorities’ program aims at safeguarding macroeconomic and financial stability, in view of the global financial turmoil. The authorities’ SBA-supported program responds to the abrupt deterioration in global financial sentiments. Safeguarding macroeconomic and financial stability are the primary objectives of the program, and the authorities recognize that policies will need to be strengthened across the board.

Economic development. --- International finance. --- International Monetary Fund -- Reform. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Finance: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Fiscal Policy --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Banking --- Finance --- External debt --- Fiscal stance --- Prices --- Fiscal policy --- Income --- National accounts --- Debts, External --- Banks and banking --- Serbia, Republic of