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Musa --- Musa --- Mycosphaerella fijiensis --- Mycosphaerella fijiensis --- Disease control --- Disease control --- Alternative methods --- Alternative methods --- Disease resistance --- Disease resistance --- Selection. --- Selection --- progeny --- progeny --- Experimental infection --- Experimental infection

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Plants --- Disease and pest resistance --- Molecular aspects --- Plantes --- Génétique végétale --- Résistance aux maladies --- Maladie des plantes --- Plant diseases --- Disease resistance --- Caractère acquis --- Acquired characters --- Phytoalexine --- Phytoalexins --- Mécanisme de défense --- Defence mechanisms --- Physiologie végétale --- Plant physiology --- Moyens de défense --- Immunochimie --- Maladies --- Lutte biologique contre --- PPR Plant Protection --- biological control --- disease resistance --- pests and diseases --- pest control --- phytopathology --- agriculture --- Génétique végétale. --- Résistance aux maladies. --- Moyens de défense. --- Immunochimie. --- Lutte biologique contre. --- Plants - Disease and pest resistance - Molecular aspects --- Plant disease --- Plant immunity

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Divided into two major sections, this volume synthesizes recent findings in this fast-moving field while also reviewing accepted knowledge. The first part focuses on the antiviral signaling pathways in the host, including specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and how these cellular alarms signal the innate immune response. The second section examines the ways in which specific major RNA virus families interact with, activate, and elude these signaling pathways and responses.

RNA viruses. --- Natural immunity. --- Cellular signal transduction. --- Virus diseases --- Cellular information transduction --- Information transduction, Cellular --- Signal transduction, Cellular --- Bioenergetics --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Information theory in biology --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Immunity --- Riboviruses --- Viruses, RNA --- Viruses --- Immunological aspects. --- RNA Viruses --- Immunity, Innate --- Signal Transduction --- Virus à ARN --- Immunité naturelle --- Transduction du signal cellulaire --- Maladies à virus --- immunology. --- Immunologie

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Target pattern recognition in innate immunity is responsible for the immediate, usually protective, responses shown against invading microorganisms, and it is the principal feature of self and non-self recognition by virtue of the recognition of structures on the microbial pathogens, which are not found on host cells. This is an area that has been very actively researched, over approximately the past 12 years, and therefore this volume provides a timely comprehensive, and up to date, summary of the types and range of cell surface, intracellular, and secreted, host proteins involved in the recognition of microbial products, and of the protective mechanisms triggered as a result of the recognition events. The Toll-like receptors, first described in Drosophila and now well-characterised on human cells, provide an excellent demonstration of the wide range of different microbial products recognised by this family of receptors and of the signalling pathways which are triggered thus leading to induction of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of genes producing antimicrobial products. In addition, several cell surface proteins involved in target pattern recognition have been described on the surfaces of macrophages (macrophage mannose receptor and macrophage scavenger receptors), and on dendritic cells (DEC205), and to be involved with the uptake and clearance of whole microorganisms and polyanioic ligands. Pattern recognition is also utilised by intracellular receptors, with NOD-like receptors in the cytosol recognizing microbial molecules and activating the production of inflammatory cytokines or pathways that induce the production of inflammatory molecules. Secreted proteins, such as the pentraxins, which includes the acute phase reacting, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid protein (SAP), and the collectins (mannan binding lectin, lung surfactant protein A and D) and ficolins can also readily recruit killing and clearance systems. Indeed, the serum complement system, which is one of the major defence systems in the bloodstream, is efficiently activated by CR P on its binding to the phosphocholine groups of microbial phospholipids—and the subsequent interaction of the bound CR P with C1q—to give classical pathway activation, or MBL, or ficolin, binding to arrays of mannose or N-acetyl-glucosamine residues, respectively, on the surfaces of microorganisms—to give lectin pathway activation. Also, in addition to the activation and clearance events associated with complement activation by some of the secreted pattern recognition receptors, it is accepted that all these pattern recognition receptors can generally accelerate the uptake and clearance of microbes via phagocytic cells. In view of the growing interest in the cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity, a thorough understanding of the initial recognition and triggering events, mediated via innate immune receptors, as addressed in this volume, is clearly very useful in helping to also fully understand the mechanisms of activation and control of the adaptive immune system—and to allow a full assessment of the relative roles played by innate immunity and adaptive immunity against a particular infection in higher organisms.

Gene Targeting. --- Immune recognition. --- Immunity, Innate -- genetics. --- Natural immunity. --- Immune recognition --- Natural immunity --- Immunity, Innate --- Genetics --- Gene Targeting --- Biology --- Genetic Techniques --- Immunity --- Immune System Phenomena --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Investigative Techniques --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Phenomena and Processes --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Medical Research --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Antigen recognition --- Immunorecognition --- Recognition, Immune --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Immune response --- Immunospecificity --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general.

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Aegean Conferences is an independent, nonprofit, educational organization directed and managed by the scientific community. The board is made up of nine researchers/scientists in various disciplines from Harvard, Brown, University of Pennsylvania, UCSD, Princeton, Biovista and the Foundation for Biomedical Research Academy of Athens. The board both invites and approves unsolicited proposals for Conferences in all fields of Science, Engineering, Arts, and Humanities. The purpose of the Conferences is to bring together individuals with common interests to examine the emerging and most advanced aspects of their particular field. This volume will include mini-reviews derived from work to be presented at the Aegean Conference: Second Crossroads between Innate and Adaptive Immunity, in Crete, Greece, June 17-22, 2007. This meeting is designed to serve as a forum to discuss the most recent progress in complement research as it pertains to human disease pathogenesis and therapeutics. The rapid pace of development in complement basic research and the advent and application of new experimental approaches in this field have now allowed us to take an integrated view of the in vivo biology of the complement system. The availability of new reagents (e.g. synthetic and recombinant inhibitors) and animal models (e.g. transgenic and knockout mice) has enabled us to address, in an in vivo setting, its involvement in various pathophysiological conditions. Such studies are shedding new light on the pathogenetic mechanism of complement-related diseases such as autoimmune diseases and inflammatory tissue damage as well as defining new areas of high interest such as the developmental biology of complement. They also provide the basis for developing new therapeutic strategies for these diseases through manipulation of in vivo complement activity. This volume will serve as a resource where the latest development in these specific areas will be discussed in a more focused and detailed manner.

Immune response --Regulation --Congresses. --- Natural immunity --Congresses. --- Natural immunity --- Immune response --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Immunity --- Immune System Processes --- Adaptive Immunity --- Publication Formats --- Immunity, Cellular --- Publication Characteristics --- Immune System Phenomena --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Phenomena and Processes --- Immunity, Innate --- Physiology --- Antigen Presentation --- Immunity, Active --- Congresses --- Medicine --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Medical Research --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Regulation --- Disease resistance --- Host resistance --- Innate immunity --- Innate resistance --- Native immunity --- Natural resistance --- Nonspecific immunity --- Resistance to disease --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Pharmacology. --- Infectious diseases. --- Biochemistry. --- Microbiology. --- Biomedicine. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemicals --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Composition --- Physiological effect --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Toxicology. --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Toxicology