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This book provides a comprehensive, authoritative and timely review of the astrophysical approach to the investigation of gravity theories. Particular attention is paid to strong-field tests of general relativity and alternative theories of gravity, performed using collapsed objects (neutron stars, black holes and white dwarfs) in relativistic binaries as laboratories. The book starts with an introduction which gives the background linking experimental gravity in cosmic laboratories to astrophysics and fundamental physics. Subsequent chapters cover observational and theoretical aspects of the following topics: from binaries as test-beds of gravity theories to binary pulsars as cosmic laboratories; from binary star evolution to the formation of relativistic binaries; from short gamma-ray bursts to low mass X-ray binaries; from stellar-mass black hole binaries to coalescing super-massive black holes in galaxy mergers. The book will be useful to researchers, PhD and graduate students in Astrophysics, Cosmology, Physics and Mathematics, who are interested in relativistic astrophysics, experimental gravity and general relativity.

Compact objects (Astronomy). --- Double stars --Evolution. --- General relativity (Physics). --- Relativistic astrophysics. --- Relativistic astrophysics --- General relativity (Physics) --- Compact objects (Astronomy) --- Double stars --- Astrophysics --- Astronomy - General --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Evolution --- Evolution. --- Relativistic theory of gravitation --- Relativity theory, General --- Compact stars --- Objects, Compact (Astronomy) --- Astronomy. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Stars --- Relativity (Physics) --- Gravitation --- Physics --- Astrophysics. --- Gravitation. --- Field theory (Physics) --- Matter --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Properties

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Neutron stars are the most compact astronomical objects in the universe which are accessible by direct observation. Studying neutron stars means studying physics in regimes unattainable in any terrestrial laboratory. Understanding their observed complex phenomena requires a wide range of scientific disciplines, including the nuclear and condensed matter physics of very dense matter in neutron star interiors, plasma physics and quantum electrodynamics of magnetospheres, and the relativistic magneto-hydrodynamics of electron-positron pulsar winds interacting with some ambient medium. Not to mention the test bed neutron stars provide for general relativity theories, and their importance as potential sources of gravitational waves. It is this variety of disciplines which, among others, makes neutron star research so fascinating, not only for those who have been working in the field for many years but also for students and young scientists. The aim of this book is to serve as a reference work which not only reviews the progress made since the early days of pulsar astronomy, but especially focuses on questions such as: "What have we learned about the subject and how did we learn it?", "What are the most important open questions in this area?" and "What new tools, telescopes, observations, and calculations are needed to answer these questions?". All authors who have contributed to this book have devoted a significant part of their scientific careers to exploring the nature of neutron stars and understanding pulsars. Everyone has paid special attention to writing educational comprehensive review articles with the needs of beginners, students and young scientists as potential readers in mind. This book will be a valuable source of information for these groups.

Neutron stars. --- Pulsars. --- Neutron stars --- Pulsars --- Astrophysics --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Pulsating radio sources --- Quantum theory. --- Particle acceleration. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics. --- Strongly Correlated Systems, Superconductivity. --- Radiation sources --- Compact objects (Astronomy) --- Stars --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Acceleration (Mechanics) --- Nuclear physics --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Acceleration --- Astrophysics. --- Gravitation. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Superconductivity. --- Superconductors. --- Superconducting materials --- Superconductive devices --- Cryoelectronics --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Electric conductivity --- Critical currents --- Superfluidity --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Matter --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Materials --- Properties