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Biotic communities --- Ecological mapping --- Urban ecology (Biology) --- 574.9 <430 FRANKFURT> --- Cities and towns --- City ecology (Biology) --- Ecology --- Environmental mapping --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Population biology --- Biogeography in general. Geographical distribution of organisms--Duitsland. Bondsrepubliek Duitsland--Frankfurt --- Environmental aspects --- Biodiversity --- Urban plants

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Drawing from a decade-long collaboration between Japan and Russia, this important volume presents the first major synthesis of current knowledge on the ecophysiology of the coniferous forests growing on permafrost at high latitudes. It presents ecological data for a region long inaccessible to most scientists, and raises important questions about the global carbon balance as these systems are affected by the changing climate. Making up around 20% of the entire boreal forests of the northern hemisphere, these ‘permafrost forest ecosystems’ are subject to particular constraints in terms of temperature, nutrient availability, and root space, creating exceptional ecosystem characteristics not known elsewhere. This authoritative text explores their diversity, structure, dynamics and physiology. It provides a comparison of these forests in relation to boreal forests elsewhere, and concludes with an assessment of the potential responses of this unique biome to climate change. The book will be invaluable to advanced students and researchers interested in boreal vegetation, forest ecology, silviculture and forest soils, as well as to researchers into climate change and the global carbon balance.

Larches --- Forest ecology --- Biotic communities --- Permafrost --- Forests and forestry --- Larch --- Larix --- Eternally frozen ground --- Ever frozen ground --- Perennially frozen ground --- Pergelisol --- Permanently frozen ground --- Perpetually frozen ground --- Tjale --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Ecology --- Life sciences. --- Ecology. --- Ecosystems. --- Plant ecology. --- Forestry. --- Soil science. --- Soil conservation. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Ecology. --- Terrestial Ecology. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Frozen ground --- Population biology --- Pinaceae --- Forest ecosystems

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Climatic changes --- Agriculture --- Biodiversity --- Biotic communities --- Environmental aspects --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Ecology --- Population biology --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Global environmental change --- Teleconnections (Climatology)

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Increasingly, ecosystem management and restoration efforts require understanding ecological processes that occur at large temporal and spatial scales. These phenomena are difficult to study using traditional statistical approaches that require randomization, replication, and control conditions. This book presents nine case studies highlighting new quantitative tools that scientists can apply to the design and analysis of large-scale, long-term experiments. Each case study identifies inherent constraints posed by traditional experimental tools and then suggests solutions that match appropriate novel experimental designs and analyses to the research questions. A conceptual framework has emerged from these studies relating spatial and temporal scales of scientific questions to methods, available data, and current knowledge about processes and mechanisms. This book provides invaluable guidance to ecologists who conceptualize, design, analyze, and synthesize real world ecological research.

Ecology -- Case studies. --- Ecology -- Methodology. --- Ecology. --- Ecology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Methodology --- Methodology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Life sciences. --- Applied ecology. --- Ecosystems. --- Landscape ecology. --- Statistics. --- Life Sciences. --- Applied Ecology. --- Landscape Ecology. --- Theoretical Ecology/Statistics. --- Statistics for Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences. --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Endangered ecosystems. --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Environmental protection --- Nature conservation --- Threatened ecosystems --- Biotic communities --- Ecology . --- Statistics . --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities

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Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent literature on the role of lipids in aquatic systems from many world experts. Essential fatty acids (EFAs), or omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids as they are known in the popular press, have garnered considerable attention in the technical and popular literature during the last decade. Lipids are important energy storage molecules in most organisms. However, equally or even more important, specific lipids (e.g. EFAs) play critical roles in a wide range of physiological processes such as regulating the structural properties of cell membranes and serving as precursors to eicosanoid signaling molecules (i.e. prostaglandins, prostacyclins, the thromboxanes and the leukotrienes). It is well established the EFAs have important impacts on human health, and it is widely agreed that the classic "Western diet" is particularly imbalanced vis-à-vis foods containing omega-3 versus omega-6 fatty acids. But beyond the specialist literature, it is not widely known that the most physiologically important long chain, polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are produced de novo principally by aquatic algae. Furthermore, within aquatic ecosystems these molecules may be synthesized from precursor fatty acid molecules and/or concentrated as they are conveyed to animals consumed by humans. For example, in salmonid fish DHA and EPA constitute ~40% of total fatty acids, whereas in typical marine and freshwater phytoplankton EPA and DHA account for between 2% and 20% of total fatty acids. In humans, EPA and DHA play key roles in heart health, immune and inflammatory responses, visual acuity as well being major components of neurological tissues such as the brain and spinal cord. This realization has prompted great concern in the fisheries management community that the world's natural supply of EPA and DHA is being overexploited. There is also concern that global climate change and/or eutrophication processes may be modifying the production and availability of these molecules in aquatic ecosystems. Tremendous strides, as summarized in this book, have been made in our understanding of the specific enzymatic pathways by which various lipids are synthesized by producers and transformed by consumers within aquatic ecosystems. Recent research also indicates that in addition to EFAs, phyto-sterol lipids may play critical roles in the nutritional physiology aquatic fauna. This book also has state-of-the-art chapters on the utility of fatty acids are biomarkers of material and energy transfer in aquatic ecosystems. Primary producers at the base of aquatic food webs generally have distinctive fatty acid profiles and many studies have shown that these fatty acid "signatures" can be used as tracers of food web dynamics. Lipids also play important roles in the trophic transfer of a variety of lipid-soluble persistent organic pollutants, and selectively accumulate even with non-lipid soluble contaminants such as the powerful neurotoxin methyl mercury. Certain fatty acids may also serve as the substrates from which some toxins and allelopathic metabolites are produced. This book will be of interest to a wide range of scientists from the fields of marine and freshwater plankton ecology, algal physiology, fisheries management, nutritional science, food web ecology, aquaculture, toxicology, and environmental science. Michael T. Arts is a research scientist with Environment Canada at the National Water Research Institute in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Michael T. Brett is a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Washington in Seattle. Martin J. Kainz is a research scientist at the WasserCluster - Biologische Station Lunz; an inter-university center dedicated to freshwater sciences research and education, in Lunz am See, Austria.

Lipids. --- Aquatic ecology. --- Food chains (Ecology) --- Aquatic biology --- Ecology --- Food webs (Ecology) --- Animals --- Biological productivity --- Niche (Ecology) --- Nutrient cycles --- Lipides --- Lipins --- Lipoids --- Biomolecules --- Steroids --- Food --- Ecology. --- Endangered ecosystems. --- Environmental toxicology. --- Environmental management. --- Biochemistry. --- Aquatic biology. --- Ecosystems. --- Ecotoxicology. --- Environmental Management. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Ecotoxicology --- Pollutants --- Pollution --- Environmental health --- Toxicology --- Threatened ecosystems --- Biotic communities --- Nature conservation --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Population biology --- Composition --- Ecology . --- Aquatic ecology . --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities