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At a time when women were barred from clerical roles, middle-class women made use of the informal power structures of Victorian and Edwardian associationalism in order to actively participate as citizens. This investigation of women's part in civic life provides a fresh approach to the 'public sphere', illuminates women as agents of a middle-class identity and develops the notion of a 'feminine public sphere', or the web of associations, institutions and discourses used by disenfranchised middle-class women to express their citizenship. The extent of middle-class women's contribution to civic.

Middle class women --- Citizenship --- Civics, British. --- Women --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- British civics --- Birthright citizenship --- Citizenship (International law) --- National citizenship --- Nationality (Citizenship) --- Political science --- Public law --- Allegiance --- Civics --- Domicile --- Political rights --- Social conditions --- Political activity --- Law and legislation --- associationalism. --- citizenship. --- informal power structures. --- local government. --- middle-class women. --- nineteenth-century Britain. --- philanthropic associations. --- separate spheres. --- suffrage. --- women's public lives.