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Recent developments in the technology of silicon nanocrystals and silicon nanostructures, where quantum-size effects are important, are systematically described including examples of device applications. Due to the strong quantum confinement effect, the material properties are freed from the usual indirect- or direct-bandgap regime, and the optical, electrical, thermal, and chemical properties of these nanocrystalline and nanostructured semiconductors are drastically changed from those of bulk silicon. In addition to efficient visible luminescence, various other useful material functions are induced in nanocrystalline silicon and periodic silicon nanostructures. Some novel devices and applications, in fields such as photonics (electroluminescence diode, microcavity, and waveguide), electronics (single-electron device, spin transistor, nonvolatile memory, and ballistic electron emitter), acoustics, and biology, have been developed by the use of these quantum-induced functions in ways different from the conventional scaling principle for ULSI. Key Features: Offers the first comprehensive treatment of recent advances in quantum-sized silicon device technology Presents systematic and vivid descriptions from a technological viewpoint, providing a realistic perspective on forthcoming silicon device concepts in the post-scaling era Shows how silicon nanocrystal technology is fundamental to the future of silicon electronics, optoelectronics, and photonics Reviews optimal strategies for developing the next generation of devices for microelectronics, photonics, acoustics, and biology.

Nanotechnology. --- Optical materials. --- Superconductivity. --- Silicon --- Nanostructured materials --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Physics --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Electrical Engineering --- Technology - General --- Materials Science --- Electric properties --- Nanostructured materials. --- Electric properties. --- Nanomaterials --- Nanometer materials --- Nanophase materials --- Nanostructure controlled materials --- Nanostructure materials --- Ultra-fine microstructure materials --- Materials science. --- Superconductors. --- Electronic materials. --- Materials Science. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Strongly Correlated Systems, Superconductivity. --- Microstructure --- Nanotechnology --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Optics --- Materials --- Superconducting materials --- Superconductive devices --- Cryoelectronics --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Electric conductivity --- Critical currents --- Superfluidity --- Electronic materials

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This book presents the Nobel Laureate Vitaly Ginzburg's views on the development in the field of superconductivity. It contains a selection of Ginzburg's key writings, including his amended version of the Nobel lecture in Physics 2003. Also included are an expanded autobiography, which was written for the Nobel Committee, an article entitled "A Scientific Autobiography: An Attempt," a fundamental article co-written with L.D. Landau entitled "To the theory of superconductivity," an expanded review article "Superconductivity and superfluidity (what was done and what was not done)," and some newly written short articles about superconductivity and related subjects. So, in toto, presented here are the personal contributions of Ginzburg, that resulted in the Nobel Prize, in the context of his scientific biography.

Superconductivity. --- Superconductors. --- Superfluidity. --- Physicists --- Nobel Prize winners --- Ginzburg, V. L. --- Nobel Prizes --- Condensed degenerate gases --- Degenerate gases, Condensed --- Superfluids --- Ginzburg, V. L., --- Ginsburg, W. L., --- Ginzburg, Vitaliĭ Lazarevich, --- Ginzburg, Vitaly, --- Ginsburg, V. L., --- Гинзбург, В. Л. --- Гинзбург, Виталий Лазаревич, --- Physics. --- Fluids. --- Thermodynamics. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Strongly Correlated Systems, Superconductivity. --- Fluid- and Aerodynamics. --- Electric conductivity --- Critical currents --- Superfluidity --- Liquid helium --- Low temperatures --- Quantum statistics --- Superconductivity --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Hydraulics --- Hydrostatics --- Permeability --- Superconducting materials --- Superconductive devices --- Cryoelectronics --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Materials

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This volume gives an introduction to a fascinating research area to applied mathematicians. It is devoted to providing the exposition of promising analytical and numerical techniques for solving challenging biomedical imaging problems, which trigger the investigation of interesting issues in various branches of mathematics.

Biomedical engineering --- Electrical impedance tomography --- Imaging systems in medicine --- Diagnostic Imaging --- Tomography --- Electronics, Medical --- Models, Theoretical --- Electric Impedance --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Investigative Techniques --- Electric Conductivity --- Electronics --- Electricity --- Physics --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Diagnosis --- Electromagnetic Phenomena --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Physical Phenomena --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biology - General --- Biomedical Engineering --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biology --- Mathematical models --- Electrical impedance tomography. --- Mathematical models. --- Applied potential tomography --- Electrical impedance imaging --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Mathematics. --- Radiology. --- Differential equations. --- Partial differential equations. --- Potential theory (Mathematics). --- Biomathematics. --- Mathematical and Computational Biology. --- Potential Theory. --- Ordinary Differential Equations. --- Partial Differential Equations. --- Imaging / Radiology. --- Mathematics --- Green's operators --- Green's theorem --- Potential functions (Mathematics) --- Potential, Theory of --- Mathematical analysis --- Mechanics --- Partial differential equations --- 517.91 Differential equations --- Differential equations --- Radiological physics --- Radiation --- Math --- Science --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering --- Medicine --- Differential Equations. --- Differential equations, partial. --- Radiology, Medical. --- Clinical radiology --- Radiology, Medical --- Radiology (Medicine) --- Medical physics

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Neutron stars are the most compact astronomical objects in the universe which are accessible by direct observation. Studying neutron stars means studying physics in regimes unattainable in any terrestrial laboratory. Understanding their observed complex phenomena requires a wide range of scientific disciplines, including the nuclear and condensed matter physics of very dense matter in neutron star interiors, plasma physics and quantum electrodynamics of magnetospheres, and the relativistic magneto-hydrodynamics of electron-positron pulsar winds interacting with some ambient medium. Not to mention the test bed neutron stars provide for general relativity theories, and their importance as potential sources of gravitational waves. It is this variety of disciplines which, among others, makes neutron star research so fascinating, not only for those who have been working in the field for many years but also for students and young scientists. The aim of this book is to serve as a reference work which not only reviews the progress made since the early days of pulsar astronomy, but especially focuses on questions such as: "What have we learned about the subject and how did we learn it?", "What are the most important open questions in this area?" and "What new tools, telescopes, observations, and calculations are needed to answer these questions?". All authors who have contributed to this book have devoted a significant part of their scientific careers to exploring the nature of neutron stars and understanding pulsars. Everyone has paid special attention to writing educational comprehensive review articles with the needs of beginners, students and young scientists as potential readers in mind. This book will be a valuable source of information for these groups.

Neutron stars. --- Pulsars. --- Neutron stars --- Pulsars --- Astrophysics --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Pulsating radio sources --- Quantum theory. --- Particle acceleration. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics. --- Strongly Correlated Systems, Superconductivity. --- Radiation sources --- Compact objects (Astronomy) --- Stars --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Acceleration (Mechanics) --- Nuclear physics --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Acceleration --- Astrophysics. --- Gravitation. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Superconductivity. --- Superconductors. --- Superconducting materials --- Superconductive devices --- Cryoelectronics --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Electric conductivity --- Critical currents --- Superfluidity --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Matter --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Materials --- Properties

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Ultracold Quantum Fields provides a self-contained introduction to quantum field theory for many-particle systems, using functional methods throughout. The general focus is on the behaviour of so-called quantum fluids, i.e., quantum gases and liquids, but trapped atomic gases are always used as an example. Both equilibrium and non-equilibrium phenomena are considered. Firstly, in the equilibrium case, the appropriate Hartree-Fock theory for the properties of a quantum fluid in the normal phase is derived. The focus then turns to the properties in the superfluid phase, and the authors present a microscopic derivation of the Bogoliubov theory of Bose-Einstein condensation and the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity. The former is applicable to trapped bosonic gases such as rubidium, lithium, sodium and hydrogen, and the latter in particular to the fermionic isotope of atomic lithium. In the non-equilibrium case, a few topics are discussed for which a field-theoretical approach is especially suited. Examples are the macroscopic quantum tunnelling of a Bose-Einstein condensate, the phase dynamics of bosonic and fermionic superfluids, and their collisionless collective modes. The book is based upon the notes for a lecture course in the masters programme in Theoretical Physics at Utrecht.

Low temperatures. --- Quantum field theory. --- Quantum field theory --- Superfluidity --- Low temperatures --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Atomic Physics --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Cryogenics --- Low temperature physics --- Temperatures, Low --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Physics. --- Thermodynamics. --- Phase transformations (Statistical physics). --- Condensed materials. --- Condensed matter. --- Superconductivity. --- Superconductors. --- Statistical physics. --- Dynamical systems. --- Electronics. --- Microelectronics. --- Strongly Correlated Systems, Superconductivity. --- Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation. --- Quantum Gases and Condensates. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Statistical Physics, Dynamical Systems and Complexity. --- Temperature --- Cold --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Complex Systems. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Electrical engineering --- Physical sciences --- Mathematical physics. --- Mathematical statistics --- Physical mathematics --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Statics --- Phase changes (Statistical physics) --- Phase transitions (Statistical physics) --- Phase rule and equilibrium --- Statistical physics --- Microminiature electronic equipment --- Microminiaturization (Electronics) --- Electronics --- Microtechnology --- Semiconductors --- Miniature electronic equipment --- Superconducting materials --- Superconductive devices --- Cryoelectronics --- Solid state electronics --- Electric conductivity --- Critical currents --- Statistical methods --- Materials