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'Imagining the Balkans' examines how an innocent geographic appellation was transformed into a powerful and widespread pejorative designation. In a new afterword, Maria Todorova discusses the reaction to her dubbing of the term Balkanism and recent events in the Balkans.
Balkan Peninsula --- Balkan States --- Balkans --- Europe, Southeastern --- Southeastern Europe --- History. --- Historiography. --- History --- Foreign public opinion.
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Balkan Peninsula --- Balkans --- Literatures --- Congresses --- Languages --- Congresses. --- Civilization --- Littératures --- Congrès --- Langues --- Civilisation
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Around the world, pension reform remains at the center of public debate. Its social, fiscal, and macroeconomic implications confront policy makers, practitioners, and academia with challenging questions. Pension systems in aging societies-in need of reform and further stressed by the pressures of globalization-require parallel reforms of the labor market and effective lifelong learning, not only to promote working longer, but to ensure that people can actually do so. At the same time, the working population should be motivated to contribute to pension schemes and prepare for old age. Diversify
Pensions --- Government policy --- Balkan Peninsula. --- Compensation --- Pension plans --- Retirement pensions --- Superannuation --- Balkan States --- Balkans --- Europe, Southeastern --- Southeastern Europe --- Retirement income --- Annuities --- Social security individual investment accounts --- Vested benefits
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Sociology of culture --- European Commission --- Balkan Peninsula --- Intercultural communication --- Multiculturalism --- Cultural diversity policy --- Cultural pluralism --- Cultural pluralism policy --- Ethnic diversity policy --- Social policy --- Anti-racism --- Ethnicity --- Cultural fusion --- Cross-cultural communication --- Communication --- Culture --- Cross-cultural orientation --- Cultural competence --- Multilingual communication --- Technical assistance --- Government policy --- Anthropological aspects --- European Union --- E.U. --- Balkan States --- Balkans --- Europe, Southeastern --- Southeastern Europe --- Foreign relations
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Devant les dix années de violence extrême qui se sont déroulées dans les Balkans, l'opinion occidentale manque de repères. D'une part, elle souhaite vivement rester à l'écart d'événements dont elle comprend mal le déroulement et la logique, mais en même temps, elle constate que, dans le cadre de l'OTAN et de l'UE, des troupes venues des diverses armées européennes sont engagées durablement dans le conflit. Ensuite et de façon paradoxale, au moment où le scepticisme monte vis-à-vis de l'UE, tous les États des Balkans se pressent à sa porte. Enfin, et comme le montre l'actualité récente, cette histoire n'est pas finie et les braises couvent sous la cendre. L'auteur, après avoir analysé l'histoire récente - l'indépendance du Kosovo en 2008 et la guerre des Balkans (1991-1999) - retrace l'originalité historique des Balkans. Seule région de l'Europe où un empire extérieur, non européen, a disputé aux nations européennes une part du continent dans une période récente, c'est aussi la seule région où les Européens n'étaient pas maîtres chez eux mais dépendaient d'un centre extérieur, en l'occurrence Istanbul, capitale de l'Empire Ottoman. Cette histoire particulière en fait l'unique région d'Europe qui fut partiellement islamisée, après avoir été partagée entre un christianisme occidental et un christianisme oriental. L'auteur nous éclaire également sur les nations balkaniques elles-mêmes, pour qui la domination ottomane a été vécue comme illégitime et néfaste, la Turquie ayant coupé l'Europe balkanique des contacts avec l'Ouest alors que se développaient la Renaissance et les Lumières.
Geopolitics --- Political violence --- Géopolitique --- Violence politique --- Balkan Peninsula --- Balkans --- History --- Politics and government --- Histoire --- Politique et gouvernement --- Géopolitique --- Yugoslav War, 1991-1995 --- Political geography --- Causes --- Yugoslav War, 1991-1995 - Causes --- Political violence - Balkan Peninsula --- Balkan Peninsula - History - 1989 --- -Geopolitics --- Civilisation
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Politics and government. --- Balkan Peninsula --- Middle East --- Balkan Peninsula. --- Middle East. --- Zuid-Europa. --- Balkan. --- Politics and government --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, Western --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- South West --- Southwest Asia --- Balkan States --- Balkans --- Europe, Southeastern --- Southeastern Europe --- Asia --- Europe, Eastern --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- Asia, West --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Eastern Mediterranean Region --- Eastern Europe --- Moyen-Orient --- Economic conditions --- Civilization --- Politique et gouvernement --- Conditions économiques --- Civilisation --- Asia, South West --- East (Middle East) --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Orient --- Economic history. --- Civilization. --- Barbarism --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Culture --- History, Economic --- Economics
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In this collection leading international authorities analyse the structures and economic functions of non-agrarian centres between ca. 500 and 1000 A.D. - their trade, their surrounding settlements, and the agricultural and cultural milieux. The thirty-one papers presented at an international conference held in Bad Homburg focus on recent archaeological discoveries in Central Europe (Vol.1), as well as on those from southeastern Europe to Asia Minor (Vol. 2).
Pliska (Bulgaria) --- Pliska (Bulgarie) --- Byzantine Empire -- Commerce -- History. --- Cities and towns -- Byzantine Empire -- History. --- Cities and towns -- Europe -- History. --- Europe -- Commerce -- History. --- Human settlements -- Byzantine Empire -- History. --- Human settlements -- Europe -- History. --- Urbanization -- Europe -- History. --- Byzantium (Empire) --- Vizantii︠a︡ --- Bajo Imperio --- Bizancjum --- Byzantinē Autokratoria --- Vyzantinon Kratos --- Vyzantinē Autokratoria --- Impero bizantino --- Bizantia --- Cities and towns --- Human settlements --- Urbanization --- Habitat, Human --- Human habitat --- Settlements, Human --- Global cities --- Municipalities --- Towns --- Urban areas --- Urban systems --- History. --- Byzantine Empire --- Europe --- Commerce --- Human ecology --- Human geography --- Population --- Sociology --- Land settlement --- Sociology, Urban --- Cities and towns, Medieval --- History --- Congresses --- Villes médiévales --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- Histoire --- Empire byzantin --- Cities and towns, Medieval - Europe - History - Congresses --- Cities and towns, Medieval - Byzantine Empire - Congresses --- Commerce - History - Medieval, 500-1500 - Congresses --- Byzantine Empire - Commerce - History - Congresses --- Europe - Commerce - History - Congresses --- post-roman towns --- Byzantium --- Balkans --- Pliska --- 500 A.D. --- 1000 A.D. --- non-agrarian centres --- archaeology
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The Western Balkan region benefits from a cost-competitive labour force and geographic and cultural proximity to EU markets. However, cost competitiveness as a source of differentiation is not sustainable. Cost levels are increasing gradually in some sectors, reducing firms’ profitability. In order to sustain competitiveness, the Western Balkans needs to move up the value chain, from investing in automated technology to producing higher-quality goods and enhancing its human capital. This report examines the apparel manufacturing, automotive components and business process and technology outsourcing sectors, focusing on market competitiveness factors, industry key success factors and policy recommendations.
Balkan Peninsula -- Economic conditions. --- Competition -- Balkan Peninsula. --- Competition --Balkan Peninsula -- Statistics. --- Industrial policy -- Balkan Peninsula. --- Investments -- Balkan Peninsula. --- Quality of products -- Balkan Peninsula. --- Regional economics. --- Competition --- Investments --- Industrial policy --- Technological innovations --- Quality of products --- Labor supply --- Regional economics --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Balkan Peninsula --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Labor force --- Labor force participation --- Labor pool --- Work force --- Workforce --- Product quality --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Business --- Industries --- Industry and state --- Investing --- Investment management --- Portfolio --- Competition (Economics) --- Competitiveness (Economics) --- Economic competition --- Government policy --- Economic aspects --- Balkan States --- Balkans --- Europe, Southeastern --- Southeastern Europe --- Economics --- Regional planning --- Regionalism --- Space in economics --- Labor market --- Human capital --- Labor mobility --- Manpower --- Manpower policy --- Consumer protection --- Quality control --- Workmanship --- Creative ability in technology --- Inventions --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Technology transfer --- Economic policy --- Finance --- Disinvestment --- Loans --- Saving and investment --- Speculation --- Commerce --- Conglomerate corporations --- Covenants not to compete --- Industrial concentration --- Monopolies --- Open price system --- Supply and demand --- Trusts, Industrial --- Finance and Investment --- Industry and Services --- Compétitivité (Economie) --- Economic conditions --- Conditions économiques
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