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The soil water retention curve, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function are basic soil hydraulic functions and parameters. Ample apprehension of the soil hydraulic functions and parameters is required for a successful formulation of the principles leading to sustainable soil management, agricultural production and environmental protection. From these, all the other parameters, required in the solution of the practical tasks, are derived. The basic soil hydraulic functions are strongly dependent upon the soil porous system. The development of models is characteristic by the gradual transition from the simplest concepts up to the sophisticated approaches, which should correspond to the visual reality studied by soil micromorphology. 2 Soil Porous System and Soil Micromorphometry 2.1 An Overview on the Quantification of the Soil Porous System Quanti? cation of the soil porous system consists of classi? cation of soil pores, ch- acterization of the soil pores shapes and the estimation of the pore size distribution function. When the hydraulic functions of the soil pores are considered, the following laws of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics are applied as best ? tting to the classi? cation criteria of the size of the pores (Kutilek and Nielsen 1994, p. 20, Kutilek 2004): A. Submicroscopic pores that are so small that they preclude clusters of water molecules from forming ? uid particles or continuous water ? ow paths.

Soil conservation. --- Soil micromorphology. --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Soils --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Control --- Prevention --- Conservation --- Micropedology --- Soil microscopy --- Soil structure --- Microscopy --- Analysis --- Geosciences. --- Biogeosciences. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Geobiology. --- Soil science. --- Environmental monitoring. --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Agriculture --- Earth sciences --- Biology --- Biosphere --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Measurement --- Monitoring

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Post-agricultural studies have been central to the development of both the science of plant ecology and ecology in general. The study of old field succession allows us to observe the development of the structure and function of communities, as well as understand the role of history and initial conditions in that process. Understanding old field succession can help the public address important scientific and social issues, such as deforestation and forest regeneration, forest restoration, sustainability of agriculture, maintenance of biodiversity, and impacts of global climate change on forest dynamics. Post-Agricultural Succession in the Neotropics draws implications from scientific studies for the wise management of old field ecosystems in the neotropics, where conversion of land to cropping systems is the most common kind of disturbance and many landscapes are defined by areas recovering from agriculture. Written for scientists, researchers, professionals, and students of ecology, the book provides a background in old field ecosystems and proposes restoration strategies and a trajectory for future research. Farmers and decision makers can also benefit from new farming methodologies and management strategies that are proposed. About the Author: Dr. Randall W. Myster is a Researcher at the Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies at the University of Puerto Rico.

Forest regeneration --- Ecological succession --- Biotic succession --- Succession, Ecological --- Forest reproduction --- Natural tree regeneration --- Regeneration (Forestry) --- Tree regeneration --- Trees --- Reproduction --- Environmental management. --- Plant Ecology. --- Landscape ecology. --- Applied Ecology. --- Nature Conservation. --- Soil conservation. --- Environmental Management. --- Landscape Ecology. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Soils --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Nature protection --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Ecology --- Environmental protection --- Nature conservation --- Botany --- Plants --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Control --- Prevention --- Conservation --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Plant ecology. --- Applied ecology. --- Nature conservation. --- Soil science. --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Agriculture --- Earth sciences --- Floristic ecology

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A deficiency of one or more of the eight plant micronutrients (boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel and zinc) will adversely affect both the yield and quality of crops. Micronutrient deficiencies in crops occur in many parts of the world, at various scales (from one to millions of hectares), but differences in soil conditions, climate, crop genotypes and management, result in marked variations in their occurrence. The causes, effects and alleviation of micronutrient deficiencies in crops in: Australia, India, China, Turkey, the Near East, Africa, Europe, South America and the United States of America, are covered, and these are representative of most of the different conditions under which crops are grown anywhere in the world. Links between low contents of iodine, iron and zinc (human micronutrients) in staple grains and the incidence of human health problems are discussed, together with the ways in which the micronutrient content of food crops can be increased and their bioavailability to humans improved. Detailed treatment of topics, such as: soil types associated with deficiencies, soil testing and plant analysis, field experiments, innovative treatments, micronutrients in the subsoil, nutrient interactions, effects of changing cropping systems, micronutrient budgets and hidden deficiencies in various chapters provides depth to the broad coverage of the book. This book provides a valuable guide to the requirements of crops for plant micronutrients and the causes, occurrence and treatment of deficiencies. It is essential reading for many agronomy, plant nutrition and agricultural extension professionals.

Crops --- Deficiency diseases in plants. --- Trace elements in nutrition. --- Nutrition. --- Micronutrients --- Nutrition --- Trace element deficiency diseases --- Plant deficiency diseases --- Nutritionally induced diseases in plants --- Plants --- Effect of minerals on --- Agriculture. --- Botany. --- Plant physiology. --- Soil conservation. --- Plant Sciences. --- Plant Physiology. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Soils --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Botany --- Physiology --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Control --- Prevention --- Conservation --- Plant science. --- Soil science. --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Agriculture --- Earth sciences --- Floristic botany

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Systems at the surface of the Earth are continually responding to energy inputs derived from solar radiation or from the radiogenic heat in the interior. These energy inputs drive plate movements and erosion, exposing metastable mineral phases at the Earth's surface. In addition, these energy fluxes are harvested and transformed by living organisms. As long as these processes persist, chemical disequilibrium at the Earth's surface will be perpetuated. Chemical disequilibrium is also driven by human activities related to production of food, extraction of water and energy resources, and burial of wastes. To understand how the surface of the Earth will change over time, we must understand the rates at which reactions occur and the chemical feedbacks that relate these reactions across extreme temporal and spatial scales. This book addresses fundamental and applied questions concerning the rates of water-rock interactions driven by tectonic, climatic, and anthropogenic forcings.

bodembescherming --- geochemie --- hydrologie --- Geochemistry --- Pedology --- biogeografie --- bodemkunde --- Biogeography --- Geology. Earth sciences --- fysica --- Solid state physics --- Geochemistry. --- Materials --- Thin films. --- Geobiology. --- Hydrogeology. --- Soil science. --- Soil conservation. --- Surfaces and Interfaces, Thin Films. --- Biogeosciences. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Surfaces. --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Agriculture --- Geohydrology --- Geology --- Hydrology --- Groundwater --- Biology --- Biosphere --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Surface phenomena --- Friction --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Tribology --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Soils --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Surfaces --- Control --- Prevention --- Conservation --- Materials—Surfaces.

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This book is designed to assist the civil and geotechnical engineer, geomorphologist, forester, landscape architect or ecologist in choosing ecotechnological solutions for slopes that are prone to a variety of mass movements e.g. shallow failure or erosion. Within this book, the ‘engineer’ is used in the global sense to encompass all planners, designers, etc who are involved in the stabilisation of slopes. We review the types of problematic slopes that may occur and describe briefly the nature of mass movements and the causes of these movements. In this book, we focus on the use of vegetation to stabilize soil on slopes prone to mass movements. Before a plant can be chosen for a particular function, its physical and hydrological properties must be determined, thus the root architecture of grasses, shrubs and trees are described and the soil hydrological and mechanical factors which influence vegetation are discussed. Depending on the use of the slope, the engineer may wish to ascertain either the stability of the slope or the mechanical stability of the vegetation or both, therefore slope stability analysis methods are reviewed and the contribution the vegetation has to the stability of the slope are explained. Models to assess the mechanical stability of vegetation are reviewed. This book also introduces new ecotechnological methods for stabilising active rockfalls on steep slopes and slopes that are prone to soil erosion following wild fires, as well as providing user friendly information on traditional ground bio-engineering techniques and tables of plants suitable for different functions. Case studies where ground bio- and eco-engineering measures have been put into practice are also discussed.

Slopes (Soil mechanics) --- Soil stabilization. --- Soil-binding plants. --- Stability. --- Erosion controlling plants --- Soil binders (Plants) --- Plants, Useful --- Stabilization of soils --- Soil mechanics --- Stability --- Reinforced soils --- Soil compaction --- Soil consolidation --- Subsurface drainage --- Slope stability (Soil mechanics) --- Soil stabilization --- Environmental management. --- Soil conservation. --- Forests and forestry. --- Plant Ecology. --- Landscape ecology. --- Environmental Management. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences. --- Forestry. --- Landscape Ecology. --- Ecology --- Botany --- Plants --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Soils --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Control --- Prevention --- Conservation --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Soil science. --- Geotechnical engineering. --- Plant ecology. --- Engineering, Geotechnical --- Geotechnics --- Geotechnology --- Engineering geology --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Earth sciences --- Floristic ecology