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"How can the impact of aid be estimated in the presence of fungibility? And how far does fungibility reduce its benefits? These questions are analyzed in a context where a donor wants to target its efforts on a specific sector and specific geographic areas. A traditional differences-in-differences method comparing the change in outcomes between the target and nontarget areas before and after the project risks misestimating the project's benefits. The paper develops an alternative estimation method in which intersectoral fungibility reduces project benefits insofar as government spending has a smaller impact in the sector to which the funds leak than in the target sector, while intrasectoral fungibility reduces benefits insofar as the donor is able to leverage productivity increases in government spending in the target areas. The methods are applied to two contemporaneous World Bank health projects that set out to target assistance on approximately one-half of Vietnam's provinces. Aid is not apparently fungible between Vietnam's health sector and other sectors, but is fungible across provinces within the health sector. Differences-in-differences yield an insignificant impact on infant mortality, while the use of the new method yields a statistically significant impact of around 4 per 1000 live births. The results, however, are ambiguous on the costs associated with intrasectoral fungibility. "--World Bank web site.
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"How can the impact of aid be estimated in the presence of fungibility? And how far does fungibility reduce its benefits? These questions are analyzed in a context where a donor wants to target its efforts on a specific sector and specific geographic areas. A traditional differences-in-differences method comparing the change in outcomes between the target and nontarget areas before and after the project risks misestimating the project's benefits. The paper develops an alternative estimation method in which intersectoral fungibility reduces project benefits insofar as government spending has a smaller impact in the sector to which the funds leak than in the target sector, while intrasectoral fungibility reduces benefits insofar as the donor is able to leverage productivity increases in government spending in the target areas. The methods are applied to two contemporaneous World Bank health projects that set out to target assistance on approximately one-half of Vietnam's provinces. Aid is not apparently fungible between Vietnam's health sector and other sectors, but is fungible across provinces within the health sector. Differences-in-differences yield an insignificant impact on infant mortality, while the use of the new method yields a statistically significant impact of around 4 per 1000 live births. The results, however, are ambiguous on the costs associated with intrasectoral fungibility. "--World Bank web site.
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Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --- Tuberculosis --- AIDS (Disease) --- HIV infections --- Medical assistance, American. --- Government policy --- Prevention
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This document presents the results of [GAO's] electronic survey of 41 U.S. officials implementing [President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief] PEPFAR funding in 15 focus countries (country team officials). [GAO] conducted the survey to identify potential challenges to implementing an alternative approach, developed from HIV/AIDS experts' suggestions, to allocating funds for the next 5-year phase of PEPFAR.
AIDS (Disease) --- HIV infections --- Communicable diseases --- Medical assistance, American --- Prevention --- Finance --- Prevention --- Finance --- Prevention --- International cooperation
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This document presents the results of [GAO's] electronic survey of 41 U.S. officials implementing [President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief] PEPFAR funding in 15 focus countries (country team officials). [GAO] conducted the survey to identify potential challenges to implementing an alternative approach, developed from HIV/AIDS experts' suggestions, to allocating funds for the next 5-year phase of PEPFAR.
AIDS (Disease) --- HIV infections --- Communicable diseases --- Medical assistance, American --- Prevention --- Finance --- Prevention --- Finance --- Prevention --- International cooperation
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Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis --- Tuberculosis --- AIDS (Disease) --- HIV infections --- Medical assistance, American. --- Government policy --- Prevention --- Government policy --- Prevention --- Government policy --- Prevention --- Government policy
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"In 1739 China's emperor authorized the publication of a medical text that included images of children with smallpox to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Those images made their way to Europe, where they were interpreted as indicative of the ill health and medical backwardness of the Chinese. In the mid-nineteenth century, the celebrated Cantonese painter Lam Qua collaborated with the American medical missionary Peter Parker in the creation of portraits of Chinese patients with disfiguring pathologies, rendered both before and after surgery. Europeans saw those portraits as evidence of Western medical prowess. Within China, the visual idiom that the paintings established influenced the development of medical photography. In The Afterlife of Images, Larissa N. Heinrich investigates the creation and circulation of Western medical discourses that linked ideas about disease to Chinese identity beginning in the eighteenth century." "Combining literary studies, the history of science, and visual culture studies, Heinrich analyzes the rhetoric and iconography through which medical missionaries transmitted to the West an image of China as "sick" or "diseased" She also examines the absorption of that image back into China through missionary activity, through the earliest translations of Western medical texts into Chinese, and even through the literature of Chinese nationalism. Heinrich argues that over time "scientific" Western representations of the Chinese body and culture accumulated a host of secondary meanings, taking on an afterlife with lasting consequences for conceptions of Chinese identity in China and beyond its borders."--BOOK JACKET.
Medical illustration --- Medicine in art --- Missions, Medical --- Medicine --- Health attitudes --- Cross-cultural studies --- Illustration médicale --- Médecine dans l'art --- Missions médicales --- Médecine --- Attitudes à l'égard de la santé --- Etudes transculturelles --- History. --- History --- Histoire --- S02/0300 --- S21/0500 --- China: General works--Chinese culture and the West and vice-versa --- China: Medicine, public health and food--Public health, hospitals, medical schools, etc. --- Illustration médicale --- Médecine dans l'art --- Missions médicales --- Médecine --- Attitudes à l'égard de la santé --- Medical missions --- Missionary medicine --- Medical assistance --- Medical expeditions --- China: Medicine, public health and food--Public health, hospitals, medical schools, etc --- Health Workforce
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AIDS (Disease) --- HIV infections --- Medical assistance, American --- Evaluation research (Social action programs) --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes --- Social Sciences --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral --- Internationality --- Quality of Health Care --- Lentivirus Infections --- Slow Virus Diseases --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Virus Diseases --- Sexually Transmitted Diseases --- Retroviridae Infections --- Health Services Administration --- Investigative Techniques --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Immune System Diseases --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Diseases --- RNA Virus Infections --- Health Care --- Government Programs --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome --- HIV Infections --- Program Evaluation --- International Cooperation --- Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Communicable Diseases --- Government policy --- Evaluation --- Prevention --- International cooperation --- United States --- American medical assistance --- HIV (Viruses) infections --- HTLV-III infections --- HTLV-III-LAV infections --- Human T-lymphotropic virus III infections --- Evaluation of social action programs --- Evaluative research (Social action programs) --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- U.S.A. --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- USA --- US --- Arhab --- Ar. ha-B. --- Artsot ha-Berit --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- ABSh --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- ABŞ --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Forente stater --- Spojené staty americké --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Yhdysvallat --- Verenigde Staten --- Egyesült Államok --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Estados Unidos de América --- United States of America --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- SShA --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- VSA --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Estados Unidos --- EE.UU. --- Stany Zjednoczone --- ĒPA --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- ZSA --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mei guo --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- U.S. --- America (Republic) --- Amirika Carékat --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- VS --- ولايات المتحدة --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- Istadus Unidus --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Bí-kok --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- AQSh --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- Yunaeted Stet --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- САЩ --- SASht --- Съединените щати --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Америка (Republic) --- Amerika (Republic) --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Stati Uniti --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ē.P.A. --- Usono --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- FS --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Stâts Unîts --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- S.U.A. --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- Mî-koet --- 미국 --- Miguk --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Lentivirus infections --- Sexually transmitted diseases --- Social action --- Social sciences --- Social service --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- Research --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- États-Unis --- É.-U. --- ÉU
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