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History --- geschiedenis --- Koerden --- Kazakhstan

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Kazakhstan --- Altai --- mountain flora --- Altai Mountains --- endemic plants --- guide books --- coloured photographs

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Islam --- Sociology of minorities --- Humour --- Migration background --- Islam --- Autobiography --- Book --- Belgium --- Kazakhstan

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In recent years, the South Caucasus and Central Asia countries (CCA-6) have received significant foreign exchange inflows. While a healthy reserve buffer is desirable to selfinsure against external crises, holding international reserves also involves costs. We analyze the adequacy of CCA-6 reserves using widely recognized rules of thumb, and simulate optimal reserve levels applying the Jeanne (2007) model. Both the adequacy measures and the model-based simulations indicate that, with the exception of Tajikistan, CCA-6 reserves had increased to broadly comfortable levels by 2006. More recently, reserve adequacy has been tested in Kazakhstan, which has been affected by the 2007 global liquidity crunch.

Foreign exchange --- Finance --- Econometric models. --- Caucasus --- Asia, Central --- Caucasia --- Caucasus Mountains --- Caucasus Region --- Kavkaz --- Economic conditions. --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Foreign Exchange --- Monetary Policy --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Financial Crises --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Banking --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- International economics --- Currency --- International reserves --- International capital markets --- Financial crises --- External debt --- Foreign exchange reserves --- Capital market --- Debts, External --- Kazakhstan, Republic of

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The data quality assessment shows that Kazakhstan is in observance of the Special Data Dissemination Standard, meeting the specifications for coverage, periodicity, timeliness, and the dissemination of advance release calendars. Executive Directors have suggested a set of recommendations that are designed to further increase Kazakhstan’s adherence to internationally accepted statistical practices and enhance the analytical usefulness of Kazakhstan’s statistics. Cross-cutting recommendations, national accounts, consumer and producer price indices, government finance statistics, monetary statistics, and balance of payments statistics were reviewed for the recommendations.

Fiscal policy --- Financial statements --- Disclosure of information --- Information, Disclosure of --- Truthfulness and falsehood --- Balance sheets --- Corporate financial statements --- Earnings statements --- Financial reports --- Income statements --- Operating statements --- Profit and loss statements --- Statements, Financial --- Accounting --- Bookkeeping --- Business records --- Corporation reports --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Government policy --- Budgeting --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- Databases --- General Aggregative Models: General --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- Computer Programs: General --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Data capture & analysis --- Budgeting & financial management --- National accounts --- Monetary statistics --- Budget planning and preparation --- Government finance statistics --- Consumer price indexes --- Economic and financial statistics --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Prices --- National income --- Economic statistics --- Economic indicators --- Price indexes --- Budget --- Kazakhstan, Republic of