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Eugène Charles Catalan made his famous conjecture – that 8 and 9 are the only two consecutive perfect powers of natural numbers – in 1844 in a letter to the editor of Crelle’s mathematical journal. One hundred and fifty-eight years later, Preda Mihailescu proved it. Catalan’s Conjecture presents this spectacular result in a way that is accessible to the advanced undergraduate. The first few sections of the book require little more than a basic mathematical background and some knowledge of elementary number theory, while later sections involve Galois theory, algebraic number theory and a small amount of commutative algebra. The prerequisites, such as the basic facts from the arithmetic of cyclotomic fields, are all discussed within the text. The author dissects both Mihailescu’s proof and the earlier work it made use of, taking great care to select streamlined and transparent versions of the arguments and to keep the text self-contained. Only in the proof of Thaine’s theorem is a little class field theory used; it is hoped that this application will motivate the interested reader to study the theory further. Beautifully clear and concise, this book will appeal not only to specialists in number theory but to anyone interested in seeing the application of the ideas of algebraic number theory to a famous mathematical problem.
Mathematics. --- Number Theory. --- General Algebraic Systems. --- Mathematics, general. --- Algebra. --- Number theory. --- Mathématiques --- Algèbre --- Théorie des nombres --- Roots, Numerical. --- 511.5 --- Numerical roots --- Cube root --- Exponents (Algebra) --- Square root --- Number study --- Numbers, Theory of --- Algebra --- Diophantine equations --- Catalan, Eugène. --- Mihailescu, Preda. --- Catalan, Eugène Charles, -- 1814-1894. --- Mihăilescu, Preda. --- Number theory --- Roots, Numerical --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Elementary Mathematics & Arithmetic --- 511.5 Diophantine equations --- Catalan, Eugène Charles --- Catalan, Eugène Charles, --- Mihăilescu, Preda. --- Math --- Science --- Mathematical analysis --- Catalan, Eugène
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This book presents the analytic foundations to the theory of the hypoelliptic Laplacian. The hypoelliptic Laplacian, a second-order operator acting on the cotangent bundle of a compact manifold, is supposed to interpolate between the classical Laplacian and the geodesic flow. Jean-Michel Bismut and Gilles Lebeau establish the basic functional analytic properties of this operator, which is also studied from the perspective of local index theory and analytic torsion. The book shows that the hypoelliptic Laplacian provides a geometric version of the Fokker-Planck equations. The authors give the proper functional analytic setting in order to study this operator and develop a pseudodifferential calculus, which provides estimates on the hypoelliptic Laplacian's resolvent. When the deformation parameter tends to zero, the hypoelliptic Laplacian converges to the standard Hodge Laplacian of the base by a collapsing argument in which the fibers of the cotangent bundle collapse to a point. For the local index theory, small time asymptotics for the supertrace of the associated heat kernel are obtained. The Ray-Singer analytic torsion of the hypoelliptic Laplacian as well as the associated Ray-Singer metrics on the determinant of the cohomology are studied in an equivariant setting, resulting in a key comparison formula between the elliptic and hypoelliptic analytic torsions.
Differential equations, Hypoelliptic. --- Laplacian operator. --- Metric spaces. --- Spaces, Metric --- Operator, Laplacian --- Hypoelliptic differential equations --- Generalized spaces --- Set theory --- Topology --- Differential equations, Partial --- Alexander Grothendieck. --- Analytic function. --- Asymptote. --- Asymptotic expansion. --- Berezin integral. --- Bijection. --- Brownian dynamics. --- Brownian motion. --- Chaos theory. --- Chern class. --- Classical Wiener space. --- Clifford algebra. --- Cohomology. --- Combination. --- Commutator. --- Computation. --- Connection form. --- Coordinate system. --- Cotangent bundle. --- Covariance matrix. --- Curvature tensor. --- Curvature. --- De Rham cohomology. --- Derivative. --- Determinant. --- Differentiable manifold. --- Differential operator. --- Dirac operator. --- Direct proof. --- Eigenform. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Ellipse. --- Embedding. --- Equation. --- Estimation. --- Euclidean space. --- Explicit formula. --- Explicit formulae (L-function). --- Feynman–Kac formula. --- Fiber bundle. --- Fokker–Planck equation. --- Formal power series. --- Fourier series. --- Fourier transform. --- Fredholm determinant. --- Function space. --- Girsanov theorem. --- Ground state. --- Heat kernel. --- Hilbert space. --- Hodge theory. --- Holomorphic function. --- Holomorphic vector bundle. --- Hypoelliptic operator. --- Integration by parts. --- Invertible matrix. --- Logarithm. --- Malliavin calculus. --- Martingale (probability theory). --- Matrix calculus. --- Mellin transform. --- Morse theory. --- Notation. --- Parameter. --- Parametrix. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Polynomial. --- Principal bundle. --- Probabilistic method. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Rectangle. --- Resolvent set. --- Ricci curvature. --- Riemann–Roch theorem. --- Scientific notation. --- Self-adjoint operator. --- Self-adjoint. --- Sign convention. --- Smoothness. --- Sobolev space. --- Spectral theory. --- Square root. --- Stochastic calculus. --- Stochastic process. --- Summation. --- Supertrace. --- Symmetric space. --- Tangent space. --- Taylor series. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Torus. --- Trace class. --- Translational symmetry. --- Transversality (mathematics). --- Uniform convergence. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector bundle. --- Vector space. --- Wave equation.
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