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Le trachome, infection oculaire pouvant entraîner la cécité, touche plus de 80 millions d’individus dans le monde. Encore présent avant la Première Guerre mondiale dans les pays européens, il en a disparu grâce au développement socio-économique. Sa persistance dans les régions les plus pauvres du globe peut être considérée comme un stigmate de la pauvreté. Pourtant cette maladie, première cause de cécité d’origine infectieuse dans le monde, peut être prévenue et traitée à l’aide d’un certain nombre de mesures de santé publique. Des actions d’envergure ont ainsi été entreprises depuis une dizaine d’années au niveau mondial sous l’égide de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé, avec l’ambition d’éliminer le trachome cécitant d’ici l’an 2020. Les mesures médicales et chirurgicales mises en œuvre sont associées à des campagnes éducatives et sanitaires visant à améliorer l’hygiène et l’environnement. Cet ouvrage retrace l’histoire du trachome et offre une synthèse des connaissances actuelles. Il fait le point sur les déterminants biologiques et sociaux de cette maladie complexe, expose les différentes composantes de la stratégie de lutte et présente les données épidémiologiques les plus récentes concernant l’Afrique subsaharienne, région du monde particulièrement touchée. À la fois documenté et pédagogique, l’ouvrage dresse le bilan d’une maladie qui reste un important problème de santé publique dans les pays du Sud.

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