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Illuminating the class issues that shaped the racial uplift movement, Toure Reed explores the ideology and policies of the national, New York, and Chicago Urban Leagues during the first half of the twentieth century. Reed argues that racial uplift in the Urban League reflected many of the class biases pervading contemporaneous social reform movements, resulting in an emphasis on behavioral, rather than structural, remedies to the disadvantages faced by Afro-Americans. Reed traces th

African Americans --- Social classes --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- History --- National Urban League --- Baltimore Urban League (Md.) --- National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes (U.S.) --- National Urban League for Social Service Among Negroes (U.S.) --- NUL (National Urban League) --- N.U.L. --- Urban League (U.S.) --- Chicago (Ill.) --- New York (N.Y.) --- New York (City) --- Ni︠u︡ Ĭork (N.Y.) --- Novi Jork (N.Y.) --- Nova Iorque (N.Y.) --- Nyu-Yorḳ (N.Y.) --- Nueva York (N.Y.) --- Nu Yorḳ (N.Y.) --- Nyuyok (N.Y.) --- Nuyorḳ (N.Y.) --- New York City (N.Y.) --- Niyū Yūrk (N.Y.) --- Niyūyūrk (N.Y.) --- Niu-yüeh (N.Y.) --- Nowy Jork (N.Y.) --- City of New York (N.Y.) --- New York Stad (N.Y.) --- نيويورك (N.Y.) --- Táva Nueva York (N.Y.) --- Nyu-York Şähäri (N.Y.) --- Нью-Йорк (N.Y.) --- Горад Нью-Ёрк (N.Y.) --- Horad Nʹi︠u︡-I︠O︡rk (N.Y.) --- Нью-Ёрк (N.Y.) --- Ню Йорк (N.Y.) --- Nova York (N.Y.) --- Çĕнĕ Йорк (N.Y.) --- Śĕnĕ Ĭork (N.Y.) --- Dakbayan sa New York (N.Y.) --- Dinas Efrog Newydd (N.Y.) --- Efrog Newydd (N.Y.) --- Nei Yarrick Schtadt (N.Y.) --- Nei Yarrick (N.Y.) --- Νέα Υόρκη (N.Y.) --- Nea Yorkē (N.Y.) --- Ciudad de Nueva York (N.Y.) --- Novjorko (N.Y.) --- Nouvelle York (N.Y.) --- Nua-Eabhrac (N.Y.) --- Cathair Nua-Eabhrac (N.Y.) --- Caayr York Noa (N.Y.) --- York Noa (N.Y.) --- Eabhraig Nuadh (N.Y.) --- Baile Eabhraig Nuadh (N.Y.) --- Нью Йорк балhсн (N.Y.) --- Nʹi︠u︡ Ĭork balḣsn (N.Y.) --- Шин Йорк (N.Y.) --- Shin Ĭork (N.Y.) --- 뉴욕 (N.Y.) --- Lungsod ng New York (N.Y.) --- Tchiaq York Iniqpak (N.Y.) --- Tchiaq York (N.Y.) --- New York-borg (N.Y.) --- Nuova York (N.Y.) --- ניו יורק (N.Y.) --- New York Lakanbalen (N.Y.) --- Lakanabalen ning New York (N.Y.) --- Evrek Nowydh (N.Y.) --- Nouyòk (N.Y.) --- Bajarê New Yorkê (N.Y.) --- New Yorkê (N.Y.) --- Mueva York (N.Y.) --- Sivdad de Mueva York (N.Y.) --- סיבֿדאד די מואיבֿה יורק (N.Y.) --- Sivdad de Muevah Yorḳ (N.Y.) --- מואיבֿה יורק (N.Y.) --- Muevah Yorḳ (N.Y.) --- Novum Eboracum (N.Y.) --- Neo-Eboracum (N.Y.) --- Civitas Novi Eboraci (N.Y.) --- Ņujorka (N.Y.) --- Niujorkas (N.Y.) --- Niujorko miestas (N.Y.) --- Niuiork (N.Y.) --- Њујорк (N.Y.) --- Njujork (N.Y.) --- Bandar Raya New York (N.Y.) --- Bandaraya New York (N.Y.) --- Nuoba Iorque (N.Y.) --- Нью-Йорк хот (N.Y.) --- Nʹi︠u︡-Ĭork khot (N.Y.) --- Āltepētl Yancuīc York (N.Y.) --- Niej-York (N.Y.) --- ニューヨーク (N.Y.) --- Nyū Yōku (N.Y.) --- ニューヨーク市 (N.Y.) --- Nyū Yōku-shi (N.Y.) --- NYC (N.Y.) --- N.Y.C. (N.Y.) --- Chikago (Ill.) --- Chikaho (Ill.) --- City of Chicago (Ill.) --- Shiḳago (Ill.) --- Čikago (Ill.) --- شيكاغو (Ill.) --- Shīkāghū (Ill.) --- Çikaqo (Ill.) --- Чыкага (Ill.) --- Chykaha (Ill.) --- Чикаго (Ill.) --- Shikááʼgóó (Ill.) --- Σικάγο (Ill.) --- Sikago (Ill.) --- Kikako (Ill.) --- שיקגו (Ill.) --- Sicagum (Ill.) --- Chicagia (Ill.) --- Chiagum (Ill.) --- Čikāga (Ill.) --- シカゴ (Ill.) --- شکاگو (Ill.) --- Shikāgū (Ill.) --- Kyekago (Ill.) --- Tchicago (Ill.) --- שיקאגא (Ill.) --- Čėkaga (Ill.) --- 芝加哥 (Ill.) --- Zhijiage (Ill.) --- Black people