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natural sciences --- didactics --- secondary school level --- education
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Science --- Natural science --- Natural sciences --- Science of science --- Sciences
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Silvestre François Lacroix (Paris, 1765 - ibid., 1843) was a most influential mathematical book author. His most famous work is the three-volume Traité du calcul différentiel et du calcul intégral (1797-1800; 2nd ed. 1810-1819) - an encyclopedic appraisal of 18th-century calculus which remained the standard reference on the subject through much of the 19th century, in spite of Cauchy's reform of the subject in the 1820's. Lacroix and the Calculus is the first major study of Lacroix's large Traité. It uses the unique and massive bibliography given by Lacroix to explore late 18th-century calculus, and the way it is reflected in Lacroix's account. Several particular aspects are addressed in detail, including: the foundations of differential calculus, analytic and differential geometry, conceptions of the integral, and types of solutions of differential equations (singular/complete/general integrals, geometrical interpretations, and generality of arbitrary functions). Lacroix's large Traité... was adapted for teaching into a shorter, textbook version - the Traité élémentaire de calcul différentiel et de calcul intégral (1802; several later editions). This adaptation is also analysed. Lacroix and the Calculus should appeal to historians and mathematicians interested in the history of the calculus (and especially in the background to Cauchy and Bolzano) and in its teaching in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Mathematics --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- geschiedenis --- wiskunde
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With logicism and formalism, intuitionism is one of the main foundations for mathematics proposed in the twentieth century; and since the seventies, notably its views on logic have become important also outside foundational studies, with the development of theoretical computer science. The aim of the book is threefold: to review and complete the historical account of intuitionism; to present recent philosophical work on intuitionism; and to give examples of new technical advances and applications of intuitionism. This volume brings together 21 contributions by today's leading authors on these topics, and surveys the philosophical, logical and mathematical implications of the approach initiated in 1907 in L.E.J. Brouwer's dissertation.
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Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Mathematics --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- geschiedenis --- wiskunde
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This volume of the Handbook of Surface Science covers all aspects of the dynamics of surface processes. Two dozen world leading experts in this field address the subjects of energy exchange in gas atoms, surface collisions, the rules governing dissociative adsorption on surfaces, the formation of nanostructures on surfaces by self-assembly, and the study of surface phenomena using ultra-fast lasers. The chapters are written for both newcomers to the field as well as researchers. . Covers all aspects of the dynamics of surface processes . Provides understanding of this unique field utilizing a multitude of accurate experiments and advanced microscopic theory that allows quantum-level comparisons . Presents the concepts and tools relevant beyond surface science for catalysis, nanotechnology, biology, medicine, and materials.
Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Physics --- Surface chemistry
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Beziehen die Naturwissenschaften die Geschichte ihrer eigenen Fachbegriffe zumeist ebenso wenig in ihre Epistemologie ein wie sich die stark geisteswissenschaftlich geprägte Begriffsgeschichte lange für Konzepte und Begriffe der Naturwissenschaften interessiert hat, so ergeben sich aus jüngsten Forschungsansätzen der Wissenschaftsgeschichte und den Kulturwissenschaften interessante neue Verbindungen. Nach einer Vielzahl mikrohistorischer, auf materiale Praxen orientierter Arbeiten zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte und der notwendigen Destruktion ideengeschichtlicher "großer Erzählungen" erscheinen nun daran anknüpfende "längerfristige historische Anschlüsse solcher lokalen Geschichten" (H.-J. Rheinberger) als Desiderat. Nimmt indes die Begriffsgeschichte ein solches Desiderat als Herausforderung an, so steht sie vor der Aufgabe einer Reorganisation ihrer Kategorien und Methoden. Die Beiträge von Vertretern unterschiedlichster Disziplinen dokumentieren die Vielfalt der mit diesem Unternehmen verbundenen Fragestellungen. Schwerpunkte des Bandes bilden Reflexionen zu Methoden begriffsgeschichtlicher Forschung und Darstellung, zum (historischen) Zusammenhang von kategorialen und praktischen Verfahren, zur Metaphorologie und zum Verhältnis von Begriffsgeschichte und Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Die methodischen Fragen werden an begriffsgeschichtlichen Exempeln zu interdisziplinären Schlüsselbegriffen wie Schwelle/Grad/Intensität, Information, Projektion, Katalyse, Kraft, Körper u.a. untersucht. Dabei knüpfen viele Beiträge an die französische Theorietradition der historischen Epistemologie (Bachelard, Canguilhem, Foucault) an, nicht zuletzt, weil sie den traditionellen Dualismus von Geistes- und Naturwissenschaften unterlaufen.
Natural history. --- Science --- Philosophy. --- Conceptual History, Natural Sciences.
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